Dr. James M. Martin-Hayden
• Exploring Our Wonderful World
– Learning the materials that
comprise our planet (and others)
– Investigating the processes that
transform these earth materials
and the environments of change
– Discovering how to read the earth
and the history stored in the rocks
Associate Professor
(419) 530-2634
Jhayden@UTnet.UToledo.edu
Introduction
A. Dr. Jamie Martin-Hayden
www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu/Faculty/Hayden/Default.htm
• Hydrogeologist studying groundwater resources and
contamination (Environmental Geology)
Vapor
Leaking
Gasoline
Contaminated
Water
Underground
Well
Storage Tank
Water Table Floating Gasoline
Dissolved Gasoline
Groundwater Flow
Aquifer of sedimentary rock
• Special interest in the geology and hydrogeology of the
Oak Openings Region
Introduction
• Text: Essentials of Geology by Wicander and
Monroe, 4th edition, Thompson Brooks/Cole, 2006.
• Course Website
– Syllabus
– Homework Posting
– Other Web Links
www.EEEScience.UToledo.edu
/Faculty/Hayden/Courses/PhysGeol/
PhysicalGeologyHomeJMH.htm
World of Geology
Geology is all around us.
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1. Geological Resources
2. “The Environment” Environmental
3. Geological Hazards Geology
4. Planetary Geology
5. Engineering
6. Landforms and Surface Processes
7. Artistic Inspiration
Geology forms the basis of our great civilizations
The Cradle of Civilization
Sprung from geology of the region
Tigris River, Iraq
http://encarta.msn.com/
World of Geology
Geological Resources
– The Cradle of
Civilization (Fertile
Crescent)
– Development
limited by
availability, e.g.,
soil, water, energy
– Conflicts based on
resources, e.g.,
water, minerals, oil,
energy…
http://encarta.msn.com/
Geologic Resources
• Mineral Resources:
metals, fertilizers,
minerals, petroleum,
construction
Geologic Resources
• Mineral Resources:
metals, fertilizers,
minerals, petroleum,
construction
• Water resources:
Lakes, Rivers, Springs,
Groundwater
Geologic Resources
• Mineral Resources:
e.g., Metals, fertilizers,
minerals, petroleum,
construction
• Water resources:
e.g., Lakes, Rivers,
Springs, Groundwater
• Energy:
e.g., Oil, natural gas, coal,
nuclear, silicon,
hydroelectric (dams),
hydrothermal (Earth’s heat)
Geologic Resources
• The Geologist’s Job
– Locating and
Characterizing
quantity and quality of
geologic resources
– Extracting geologic
resources efficiently
– Assessing
environmental effects of
extraction and use
E.g., Misuse of Resources
Misuse of Resources
Desiccation of the Aral Sea, Kazakhstan
See Page 6
Aral Sea
Over Time
1980
2000
2005
1957
1977
1982
1984
1993
2000
www.grida.no/aral/aralsea/english/arsea/arsea.htm
Overuse of Geologic Resources
(Geology in the News)
• 1.7 billion are joining the “consumer
class” and the environment can’t sustain
this standard of living. (Worldwatch
Institute, 2004)
• Emissions of Greenhouse gasses are
accelerating global warming. (IGPCC, 2007)
• Climate change is accelerating melting of
glaciers and driving mass extinctions
(The Centre of Biodiversity and Conservation,
Leeds University, UK)
Environmental Geology
– Environmental Sciences:
How we influence the earth
– Geologic Hazards: How
geology influences us
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003
Geology in the News
Geologic Hazards
• Two die in 6.5
magnitude
Earthquake near
San Lois Obispo
California
• Earthquake triggers
mudslides
San Andreas Fault
Assessing Risk
“Major Quake Likely to
Strike San Francisco
Bay Region Between
2003 and 2032”
Geologic Hazards
• Assessing Risks
• Avoiding Risks
• Preventing Damage
• Predicting Impact
(http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/research/seismology/wg02/
Earthquake
Bam, Iran
• A Magnitude 6.5
Earthquake hits a
stone- and mudhouse city of
100,000 in Iran 1226-03
– 30,000 Dead
– 30,000 Refugees
• US sends aid and
releases sanctions
• Relations improved
Photos
from AP
Volcanoes (pg. 108)
Geological Hazards
Floods (see pgs., 284)
Landslides (see pg. 250)
Earthquakes
(pg. 202)
Geology in Engineering
Slope Failure Risk Assessment and Control
To prevent slope failure engineers must understand the
geology that forms and controls the slope
Geology in Engineering
Geology in Engineering
The Leaning Tower Straightens Up
In Pisa the tilted one is back in
business after an 11-year effort
to keep it from collapsing
Committee member John
Burland, an engineer,
promoted soil extraction as the
best way to save the tower.
Engineers use knowledge of
geology to design, protect
and correct structures
www.smithsonianmag.si.edu
Planetary Geology
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/
Geologists lead the mission
“Robot geologist” explores Mars
Steve Squyres says that, even though
the MER's work will have just begun,
he'll feel like celebrating the moment
he's got "six wheels in the dirt."
Guided by MER specialists back on Earth,
each rover will travel dozens of yards a day
while investigating sites of interest.
Geologists Study Mars
1,860 mi
Valles Marineris
Olympus Mons
15 miles high
• Canyons indicate a
geologically active
planet
• Rock layers, Gullies,
and Sand Dunes; all
geological landforms
• The largest chasm
and volcano in the
solar system
5 miles deep
PBS
340 mi
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mars/
Landforms and Surface Processes
H.C. Berann (1915-1999)
Yosemite National Park, 1987
• Glaciers (ch 14)
• Mass Wasting (ch 11)
• Streams (ch 12)
• Shorelines (ch 16)
• Deserts (ch 15)
• Ground water (ch13)
http://www.berann.com
Historical Geology
(Chapter 18)
– Deciphering Earth History and
– Charting the evolution of life
Landforms and Surface
Processes
Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) Merced River, Yosemite Valley
1866, Metropolitan Museum of Art “The Hudson River School”
Anonymous
19th Century Japanese
Geology
in Art
Paul Cezanne (1839-1906)
Mont Sainte Victoire, 1900
Hermitage
ALBERT BIERSTADT (1830-1902)
The Oregon Trail, 1869
Buttler Institute of
American Art,
Youngstown, Ohio
Objectives of Chapter 1
• Introduce the broad field of Geology
– Importance of understanding our planet
– Specialties in geology (pg. 8)
– How effects us (pg. 9-11)
• Origin and Structure of the Earth
– Formation of the solar system (pg. 13)
– Differentiation of the proto earth
– Zones of the Earth (Fig 1.11)
Objectives of Chapter 1
• Introduce Earth Systems and Plate Tectonics
– Convection driving plate motion (pg. 15)
– Plates and plate boundaries (pg. 16-17)
– Geologic phenomena and landforms at plate
boundaries
– Plate tectonics and the scientific method (pg. 15-16)
• Introduction to the Geologic Time Scale
– Eons, Eras and Periods
(pg. 21)