OTHER MOTIVATIONS
AFFILIATION MOTIVE
 DEF: the need to
associate with others and
maintain special bonds
 Humans are social
creatures
 Quality of relationships
is a major determinant of
happiness
AFFILIATION MOTIVE CONTINUED
 Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT) measures
strength of affiliation
 People who score high
devote more time to
interpersonal activities
and worry more about
acceptance
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE
 DEF: the need to master
difficult challenges, to
out-perform others, and
to meet high standards of
excellence
 The desire to excel,
especially in competition
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE CONTINUED
 High scores on TAT tend
to work harder and more
persistently than low
scores
 They are more futureoriented
 They seek competitive,
entrepreneurial
occupations
SITUATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF
ACHIEVEMENT BEHAVIOR
 Strength of one’s
motivation to achieve
success
 One’s estimate of the
probability of success
 Incentive value of
success
FEAR OF FAILURE
 Motivation to avoid
failure varies
 Emotion can cause
motivation
 Motivation can cause
emotion
THE ELEMENTS OF
EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
EMOTION: INVOLVES 1)A SUBJECTIVE
CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE ACCOMPANIED BY
2)BODILY AROUSAL AND BY 3)CHARACTERISTIC
OVERT EXPRESSIONS
COGNITIVE COMPONENT: SUBJECTIVE
FEELINGS
 Emotion is highly
subjective
 Involves an evaluative
aspect
 Each person has to
characterize their own
emotions
PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENT: DIFFUSE
AND MULTIFACETED
 Emotions are accompanied
by a visceral arousal
 Most physiological arousal
is assoc. with the
autonomic nervous system
 Galvanic skin response
(GSR): an increase in the
electrical conductivity of
the skin that occurs when
sweat glands increase their
activity
NEURAL CIRCUITS
 Amygdala plays a role in
the modulation of
emotion
 Thalamus sends info to
amygdala
 Amygdala responds
quickly if threat detected
 Prefrontal cortex
responsible for
processing meaning of
emotional events
BEHAVIORAL COMPONENT: NONVERBAL
EXPRESSIVENESS
 Emotions are expressed in
“body language”
 Facial expressions reveal
variety of basic emotions
 Facial-feedback
hypothesis: facial muscles
send signals to the brain
and these signals help the
brain recognize the
emotion that one is
experiencing
 Facial expressions may be
innate
CROSS-CULTURAL SIMILARITIES IN
EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
 Tribes with no exposure
to modern society
correctly identified
emotions displayed by
facial expressions
CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN
EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE
 Differences shown in
how people think about
and express emotions
 Display rules: norms
that regulate the
appropriate expression
of emotions. They
prescribe when, how, and
to whom people can
show various emotions
THEORIES OF EMOTION
JAMES-LANGE THEORY
 The conscious experience
of emotion results from
one’s perception of
autonomic arousal
 So, emotion is caused by
the physiological
reactions to stimuli
CANNON-BARD THEORY
 Emotion occurs when the
thalamus sends signals
simultaneously to the
cortex and to the
autonomic nervous
system
SCHACHTER’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
 Experience of emotion depends on 2 factors:
1) Autonomic arousal
2) Cognitive interpretation of that arousal
--When you experience a visceral arousal, you search
your environment for an explanation
--Combines James-Lange and Canon-Bard theories
EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES OF EMOTION
 Emotions are a result of




adaptation
Emotions are innate
Emotions evolved before
thought
8-10 primary emotions
Other emotions come
from 1) a blend of the
primaries and 2)
variations in intensity of
the emotions