Chapter 8 Questions
1) Name the seven emotions that Paul Ekman believes can be recognized universally.
2) Briefly explain the differences often found in the U.S. between men and women in terms of how they display
emotions.
3) Explain the key idea behind the James-Lange theory of emotion.
4) Name the two factors in Stanley Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion.
5) Name the five theories that propose to explain emotions.
6) Studies of arousal and performance imply that there is an optimal arousal level for one's best performance. What
pattern describes this relationship?
7) What is emotional intelligence?
8) Briefly explain how a lie detector works and address its accuracy.
9) Provide an example of something you do primarily because of intrinsic motivation and something because of extrinsic
motivation.
10) What is the difference between drive and motive?
11) We seek to eat when we are hungry and drink when we are thirsty primarily because our body tries to maintain a
constant balance. What is this balance called?
12) Ernie does not study for his final exams because he does not think that studying will do any good. He believes that
the professor just selects his five favorite students and they will receive As. Ernie is not in this category, he thinks it is
worthless to try to improve. What can be said of Ernie's expectations and goals? 12) _____________
13) List the levels of Maslow's hierarchy in the correct order.
14) What type of students are likely to strive harder to achieve good grades when the class is especially difficult?
15) Whenever fat stores in specialized fat cells fall below a specific level, signals are sent to the body to begin eating
once again. What is the name of the level?
16) What are some of the factors that are responsible for the growing degree of obesity in the U.S. population?
17) In the 1940s and 1950s, whose research involved interviewing 17,000 Americans regarding their sexual behavior?
18) The maximum level of arousal is reached in which phase of the sexual response cycle?
19) In order, name the four phases that Masters and Johnson found in the human sexual response cycle.
20) Explain and give an example of a multiple approach-avoidance conflict.
21) Describe and critique Abraham Maslow's theory of motivation.
22) Contrast the research methods and findings of Alfred Kinsey with those of Masters and Johnson.
23) Explain and provide an example of the four different types of conflict.
24) Discuss the biological components of emotional arousal of the following theories of emotion. Provide a specific
example of how each of the following would explain a physical response to the same situation.
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Two-factor theory
Cognitive appraisal theory
Opponent-process theory
Answer Key
1)happiness, fear, contempt, disgust, anger, sadness, and surprise
2)Men are taught to show more anger, while women more often express sadness.
3)The theory states that the primary source of our emotions stems from physical responses (we run, therefore we are
afraid).
4)cognitive interpretation of physical arousal and the external situation
5)James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, opponent-process, two-factor, and cognitive appraisal
6)inverted U function
7)According to Daniel Goleman, people who effectively use and understand their emotions exhibit a high level of
emotional intelligence.
8)It measures perspiration, blood pressure, breathing rate, and heart rate and compares these to a baseline lie and a
baseline truth. They are not very accurate and can produce a 5% false positive, thereby accusing innocent people of
lying.
9)Answers will vary, but correct answers for intrinsic motivation must refer to something that the student finds
pleasurable for its own sake, not because of (the possibility of) receiving some reward. For extrinsic motivation, the
explanation must address someway that they are receiving some sort of reward or reinforcement for their behavior.
10)Drive refers to motivation that is assumed to be primarily biological, and motive refers to psychological and social
needs that are assumed to be learned through personal experience.
11)homeostasis
12)Because Ernie believes that he has no control over his environment, he is said to have an external locus of control.
13)biological, safety, attachment and affiliation, esteem, and self-actualization
14)Those with n Ach (need for achievement)
15)set point
16)too little exercise; too much high-calorie food
17)Alfred Kinsey
18)plateau
19)excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, and resolution phase
20)A multiple approach-avoidance conflict involves a necessary choice between options that both have many negative
and many positive aspects. An example is when a family may have to move. They may look forward to a new job
opportunity and meeting new people, but they know they will miss their old friends and might have to leave great
schools.
21)His humanistic theory proposed a needs hierarchy which said that people must first fulfill "lower" needs before
"higher" ones can be attended to. The needs (from lowest to highest) are: biological (such as hunger and thirst), safety
(such as avoiding danger), attachment/affiliation (such as finding love and being with others), esteem (such as liking
oneself and feeling competent), and self-actualization (which involves seeking our fullest potential). One difficulty that
limits its predictive power is that it is possible to fulfill higher needs while lower ones go unmet (for example, pursuing
our career while depriving ourself of sleep). Moreover, the theory is difficult to test.
22)Both studied sexuality; however, Kinsey pioneered the usage of interviews in the 1940s and 1950s, whereas Masters
and Johnson (M&J) measured physiological response in their laboratories. Kinsey found that many behaviors considered
rare or abnormal (such as oral sex) were actually reported to be quite widespread. M&J found that there were four
phases (excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution) involved in the sexual response cycle. Better students may
describe what occurs in each phase. They also found that women's and men's sexual response cycles were quite similar,
regardless of the type of sexual behavior. Further, women tend to respond more slowly, but they stay aroused longer.
They also found that physical sex characteristics (such as penis or breast size) were unrelated to sexual performance,
and women are far more capable of multiple orgasms within a short period of time than are men.
23)Approach-approach: A conflict between two equally attractive options. You cannot decide between two flavors of ice
cream that you really like.
Approach-avoidance: A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision being made. You
do not know if you should lie to your parents about where you are going on Friday night. You really want to go, but you
know that you should not lie and that your parents would not approve of your plans.
Avoidance-avoidance: A conflict in which one has to decide between two equally unattractive options. You do not want
to go to the dentist, but you do not want your teeth to fall out.
Multiple approach-avoidance: A conflict in which one must choose between options that have many positive and
negative aspects. You are upset with your significant other and do not want to break-up, but you do not like how they
have been behaving lately and there are many things that upset you in terms of your relationship.
24)The James-Lange theory of emotion claims that actions occur before (and underlie) emotional responses. As you are
walking through the woods and see a bear, your heart races and then you are afraid.
The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the emotional feeling and the internal physical response occur simultaneously.
When you see a bear in the woods, your heart races and you feel scared at the same time.
The two-factor theory claims that emotions occur due to our appraisal of both our physical state and our current
situation. When you see a bear, you think that you should be scared and you also feel nervous, therefore you determine
that you are scared.
Cognitive appraisal theory suggests that we decide on an emotion after the even has occurred. You see a bear in the
woods and, because he didn't really threaten you, you are not afraid.
The opponent-process theory claims that when you feel a given emotion, its opposite is suppressed and will eventually
display itself. You see a bear in the woods and you are frightened; later, you may feel more courageous than usual.