Chapter 16- Blood
Plasma and the cellular elements of blood
Plasma- fluid portion of the blood
Plasma proteins- difference in composition from interstitial fluid
Albumins- most prevalent plasma proteins, about 60%
Red blood cells- erythrocytes, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
White blood cells- leukocytes, only functional cells in circulation, immune response
Platelets- cell fragments of megakaryocytes, instrumental in coagulation
Five types of white blood cells- lymphocytes, monocutes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Phagocytes- neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages- engulf and ingest foreign particles
Immunocytes- lymphocytes, responsible for specific immune responses
Granulocytes- basophils, eosinophils, meutrophils- contain cytoplasmic incluisions that have a
granular appearance
Blood cell production
Bone marrow- site of pluripotent hematoporietic stem cell, develops into blood cells
Hematopoiesis- synthesis of blood cells
Hemoglobin- oxygen binding protein of red blood cells
Interleukins- cytokines released by one white blood cell to affect another
Colony stimulating factors- ability to stimulate the growth of leukocyte colonies
Leukopoiesis- leukocyte production and development, regulated by CSF
Thrombopoietin- a glycoprotein that regulates growth and maturation of megakaryocytes
Erythropoietin- glycoprotein that regulates red blood cell production
Red blood cells
Hematocrit- ratio of red blood cells to plasma
Morphology- ability to change shape, can provide clues for presence of disease
Mean red cell volume- size of red blood cells
Transferrin- transport protein in blood for iron
Ferritin- storage protein for iron, mostly in liver
Bilirubin- colored pigment made from remnants of heme groups
Bile- secretion containing bilirubin allows excretion
Jaundice- elevated bilirubin level in blood
Anemia- low hemoglobin content
Platelets and coagulation
Hemostasis- process of keeping blood within a damaged blood vessel
Platelet plug- mechanical blockage of the hole
Platelet adhesion- platelets stick to exposed collagen
Platelet aggregation- platelets stick to one another
Tissue factor- protein phospholipid mixture, initiate third step
Coagulation cascade- series of reactions, formation of fibrin
Clot- reinforced platelet plug
Plasmin- dissolves clot, enzyme
Thrombus- blood clot that adheres to undamaged wall of blood vessel
Platelet activating factor- sets up positive feedback loop by activating more platelets
Thromboxane A2- vasoconstriction
Prostacyclin- blocks platelet adhesion and aggregation
Intrinsic pathway- begins with collagen exposure and involves proteins present in blood
Extrinsic pathway- starts when damaged tissue exposes tissue factor
Common pathway- joining of intrinsic and extrinsic
Thrombin- enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Plasmin- enzyme created from pasminogen by thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator
Breaks fown fibrin polymers into fibrin fragments
Fibrinolysis- dissolution of fibrin by plasmin
Anticoagulants- prevent coagulation from taking place
Heparin and antithrombin III- anticoagulants produced in body
Hemophilia- coagulation disorder