a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
bare
lead
praise
byte
sight
bear
led
prays
bite
site
preys
bight
cite
c.
g.
h.
i.
j.
pairs
plain
karat
mane
frees
pears
plane
carrot
main
freeze
pares
caret
Maine
frieze
carat
a. Mary
agent
a ball
theme
b. the children
agent
from the playground
source
to the wading pool
goal
c. one of the men
all the doors
with a paper clip
d. John
the ice
with a blowtorch
e. Helen
cockroach
agent
theme
instrument
agent
theme
instrument
agent
theme
f. Helen
cockroach
g. Helen
h. the ice
experiencer
theme
agent
theme
i. with a telescope
the boy
the man
j. the farmer
hay
onto the truck
instrument
experiencer
theme
agent
theme
goal
k. the farmer
the hay
with a pitchfork
l. the hay
on the truck
by the farmer
agent
theme
instrument
theme
goal
agent
“Pragmatics is concerned with our
understanding of language in context.”
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 167.
If the balloons popped, the sound wouldn’t be able to
carry since everything would be too far away from the
correct floor. A closed window would also prevent the
sound from carrying, since most buildings tend to be well
insulated. Since the whole operation depends on a steady
flow of electricity, a break in the middle of the wire would
also cause problems. Of course, the fellow could shout,
but the human voice is not loud enough to carry that far.
An additional problem is that a string could break on the
instrument. Then there could be no accompaniment to the
message. It is clear that the best situation would involve
less distance. Then there would be fewer potential
problems. With face to face contact, the least number of
things could go wrong.
Bransford and Johnson, 1972, p. 719, quoted in Omaggio, 1986, pp.
103-104.
Previous sentences

Pronouns
 Articles
 Previous sentences
 Pronouns
 Articles
 Pronouns and syntax
 Pronouns and discourse
 Pronouns and situational context
 Deixis
 Articles
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 167-172.
Pro-NP / Pronoun
Jan saw the boy with the telescope.
Dan also saw him.
Pro-VP
Emily hugged Cassidy
and Zachary did too.
Pro-S
I am sick, which depresses me.
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to
Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 210.
here
there
this city
those towers over there
left / right
so / yea big
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 170-171.

First and Second person pronouns

Free Third person pronouns

Demonstratives (Pronouns and NPs)

Time deixis

Place deixis
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to
Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, pp. 218-219.
I bought a new jacket.
A jacket is red.
I bought a new jacket.
The jacket is red.
My brothers arrived last night.
Today, one is meeting me for lunch,
the other is going to Kenting.
Today, one is meeting me for lunch,
another is going to Kenting.

Maxims of Conversation

Implicatures / Presuppositions

Speech Acts
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 172-176.
1. Quantity
Say neither more nor less than the discourse requires.
2. Relevance
Be relevant.
3. Manner
Be brief and orderly; avoid ambiguity and obscurity.
4. Quality
Do not lie; do not make unsupported claims.
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 173.
1. Letter of Recommendation
NOT saying ENOUGH
2. Does Sally have a boyfriend?
She goes to Taipei every weekend.
3. Masticating alimentary sustenance
thoroughly can promote enhanced cholesterol
levels.
4. Who took my book?
Bill. I heard someone say he came out…
A:
Smith doesn’t have any
girlfriends these days.
B: He’s been driving over to the West
End a lot lately.
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 174.
a. Have you stopped hugging your
sheepdog?
b. Who bought the badminton set?
c. John doesn’t write poems anymore.
d. The present King of France is bald.
e. Would you like another beer?
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to
Language. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 216.
a. We went to the ballpark again.
We have been to the ballpark before.
b. Valerie regretted not receiving a new T-bird for
Labor Day.
Valerie did not get a new T-bird on Labor Day.
c. That her pet turtle ran away made Emily very
sad.
Emily’s pet turtle ran away.
d. The administration forgot that the professors
support the students.
The professors support the students.
e. It is an atrocity that the World Trade Center
was attacked on September 11, 2001.
The WTC was attacked.
The attack occurred September 11, 2001.
f. It isn’t tolerable that the World Trade Center
was attacked on September 11, 2001.
The WTC was attacked.
The attack occurred September 11, 2001.
g. Disa wants more popcorn.
Disa has already had some popcorn.
h. Mary drank one more beer before leaving.
Mary has already drunk at least one beer.
Mary left.
i. Jack knows who discovered Pluto in 1930.
Someone discovered Pluto.
It was discovered in 1930.
j. Mary was horrified to find a cockroach in her
bed.
Mary found a cockroach in her bed.
Aesop:
伊索
Clothing store using this name
衣索