Place and Manner of
Articulation
Place
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Manner
Voiced / Voiceless
Aspirated / Unaspirated
Nasal / Oral
Stops / Fricatives / Affricates
Liquids
Glides
American English Vowels
See Figure 4.5, p. 208.
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 208.
Mandarin Vowels
葉蜚聲，徐通?。 語言學綱要。 台北：書林出版有限公司，
1993，第 67 頁。
Describing Vowels
1. Tongue position
tongue height
high / mid / low
tongue partfront / central / back
2. lips
rounding
3. tenseness
yes (tense) / no (lax)
4. nasalization
yes / no
5. length
long / short duration
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 206-210.
Major Phonetic Classes
 Noncontinuants / Continuants
 Obstruents / Sonorants
 Consonantal
Labials
Coronals
Anteriors
Sibilants
 Syllabic
Vowels
Liquids [sometimes]
Nasals [sometimes]
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 210-211.
Prosodic Features of
Speech Sounds
 Duration (length)
 Pitch
 Loudness (stress)
 Tone
 Intonation
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to
Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 212-215.
Phonetic Symbol / English
Spelling Correspondences
See Table 4.6, p. 216.
Cork and Work and Card and
Ward 1 (see Ex 8)
(Anonymous)
I take it you already know
of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Others may stumble, but not you
on hiccough, thorough, lough, and through.
I write in case you wish perhaps
to learn of less familiar traps:
Beware of heard, a dreadful word
that looks like beard, and sounds like bird.
And dead: it’s said like bed, not bead;
for goodness’ sake, don’t call it deed!
Cork and Work and Card and
Ward 2
(Anonymous)
Watch out for meat and great and threat.
(They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.)
A moth is not a moth in mother,
nor both in bother, broth in brother.
And here is not a match for there,
nor dear for bear, or fear for pear.
Cork and Work and Card and
Ward 3
(Anonymous)
There’s does and rose, there’s also lose
(Just look them up), and goose and choose;
And cork and work, and card and ward,
and font and front, and word and sword;
And do and go and thwart and cart—
come come, I’ve barely made a start!
A dreadful language? Man alive,
I’d mastered it when I was five!
National Phonetic Symbols 1
注音符號
(1) Initials
ㄅ [ ]
ㄉ [ ]
ㄍ [ ]
ㄆ
ㄊ
ㄎ
[
[
[
]
]
]
ㄇ
ㄋ
ㄏ
[
[
[
]
]
]
(2) Initials
ㄐ [ ]
ㄓ [ ]
ㄗ [ ]
ㄑ
ㄔ
ㄘ
[
[
[
]
]
]
ㄒ
ㄕ
ㄙ
[
[
[
]
]
]
ㄈ
ㄌ
[
[
]
]
ㄖ
[
]
National Phonetic Symbols 2
注音符號
(3) Initials / Glides / Finals
ㄧ [ ] ㄨ
[ ] ㄩ
(4) Finals
ㄚ [ ]
ㄞ [ ]
ㄢ [ ]
ㄦ [ ]
ㄛ
ㄟ
ㄣ
[
[
[
]
]
]
ㄜ
ㄠ
ㄤ
[
]
[
[
[
]
]
]
ㄝ
ㄡ
ㄥ
[
[
[
]
]
]
Chapter on Phonetics
Homework (Ex 8) 1
know
you
[ no ]
tough
bough
cough
dough
[ thf ]
[ ba ]
[ khaf ] [ khf ]
[ do ]
hiccough
thorough
slough
[ hkp ]
[ ro ] [ ro ]
[ slu ] [ sla ]
[ ju ]
[ slf ]
Chapter on Phonetics
Homework (Ex 8) 2
heard
word
beard
bird
dead
said
bed
bead
[ hrd ] [ hd ]
[ wrd ] [ wd ]
[ bird ]
[ brd ] [ bd ]
[ dd ]
[ sd ]
[ bd ]
[ bid ]
Chapter on Phonetics
Homework (Ex 8) 3
deed
meat
great
threat
suite
straight
[ did ]
[ mit ]
[ gret ]
[ rt ]
[ swit ]
[ stret ]
Chapter on Phonetics
Homework (Ex 12) 1
a.
[h]
[]
voiceless
b.
[r]
[w]
yes voiced
c.
[m]
[]
yes nasal
d.
[ ]
[v]
yes voiced
e.
[r]
[t]
no? [oral]
yes
Chapter on Phonetics
Homework (Ex 12) 2
f.
[f]
[ʃ]
yes voiceless
g.
[k]
[]
yes voiceless
h.
[s]
[g]
no? [oral]
i.
[j]
[w]
yes glide
j.
[j]
[ʤ]
no? [oral]
Chapter on Phonetics
Homework (Ex 17) 1
a. Dickens
b. Cervantes
c. Dante
d. Dickens
e. Elliot
f. Hemingway
1. Oliver Twist
4. Don Quixote
11. The Divine Comedy
6. Great Expectations
10. Silas Marner
2. A Farewell to Arms
Chapter on Phonetics
Homework (Ex 17) 2
g. Homer
h. Melvin
i. Orwell
j. Shakespeare
k. Steinbeck
l. Swift
m. Tolstoy
n. Twain
12. The Iliad
9. Moby Dick
3. Animal Farm
8. Hamlet
5. Grapes of Wrath
7. Gulliver’s Travels
14. War and Peace
13. Tom Sawyer