Chapter 11
Chemical Quantities
Chemistry
Tracy Bonza
Sequoyah High School
1
How do you measure how
much?
You can measure mass,
 or volume,
 or you can count pieces.
 We measure mass in grams.
 We measure volume in liters.


2
We count pieces in MOLES.
Moles
Defined as the number of carbon
atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon12.
 1 mole is 6.02 x 1023 particles.
 Treat it like a very large dozen
 6.02 x 1023 is called Avogadro's
number.

3
Measuring Moles
Remember relative atomic mass?
 The amu was one twelfth the mass
of a carbon 12 atom.
 Since the mole is the number of
atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12,
 the decimal number on the periodic
table is also the mass of 1 mole of
those atoms in grams.

4
Representative particles

How many oxygen atoms in the
following?
– CaCO3
– Al2(SO4)3
 How many ions in the following?
– CaCl2
– NaOH
– Al2(SO4)3
5
Molar Mass
The mass of 1 mole of an element in
grams.
 12.01 grams of carbon has the same
number of pieces as 1.008 grams of
hydrogen and 55.85 grams of iron.
 We can write this as
12.01 g C = 1 mole
 We can count things by weighing
them.

6
What is the molar mass of:
Potassium
 39g
 Zinc
 65.4g
 Neon
 20.2g
What does that mean?
It means that 39g of K is 1 mole of potassium

How many particles of potassium is that?
6.02 x 10 23
See…….we can count particles without
counting them
7
……….we weighed them!!!
What about compounds?


8
in 1 mole of H2O molecules there are two
moles of H atoms and 1 mole of O atoms
To find the mass of one mole of a
compound
– determine the moles of the elements
they have
– Find out how much they would weigh
– add them up
What about compounds?
What is the mass of one mole of CH4?
 1 mole of C = 12.01 g
 4 mole of H x 1.01 g = 4.04g
 1 mole CH4 = 12.01 + 4.04 = 16.05g
 The Molar mass of CH4 is 16.05g
 The mass of one mole of a molecular
compound.

9
Molar Mass
The generic term for the mass of one
mole.
 The same as gram molecular mass (for
molecules/covalent compounds), gram
formula mass (for formula units/ionic
compounds), and gram atomic mass
(for atoms).
 I will use the generic molar mass
(sometimes I slip up and call it gram
formula mass so work with me
here!!!!!)

10
Examples
Calculate the molar mass of the
following and tell me what type it is.
 Na2S
 N2O4
C
 Ca(NO3)2
 C6H12O6
 (NH4)3PO4

11
Using Molar Mass
Finding moles of compounds
Counting pieces by weighing
12
Molar Mass
The number of grams of 1 mole of
atoms, ions, or molecules.
 We can make conversion factors
from these.
 To change grams of a compound to
moles of a compound.

13
For example

14
How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
For example

How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?

5.69 g

15



For example

How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
mole 

5.69 g


g 
 need to change grams to moles
16
For example

How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
mole 

5.69 g


g 
 need to change grams to moles
 for NaOH
17
For example

How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
mole 

5.69 g


g 
 need to change grams to moles
 for NaOH
 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g
1 mole of H = 1.01 g
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For example

19
How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
mole 

5.69 g


g 
 need to change grams to moles
 for NaOH
 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g
1 mole of H = 1.01 g
 1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g
For example

20
How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
1 mole 

5.69 g


40.00 g 
 need to change grams to moles
 for NaOH
 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g
1 mole of H = 1.01 g
 1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g
For example

How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?

5.69 g

need to change grams to moles
 for NaOH
 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g
1 mole of H = 1.01 g
 1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g

21
1 mole 
 = 0.142 mol NaOH
40.00 g 
Examples
How much would 2.34 moles of
carbon weigh, in grams?
 How many moles of magnesium in
24.31 g of Mg?
 How many moles is 4.56 g of CO2 ?
 How many grams is 9.87 moles of
H2O?

22
Moles and Molecules
6.02 x 1023 =1 mole too!
 So we can convert from moles to
molecules too!

Try it:
 How many molecules are there in 3.6
moles of sodium hydroxide?
 How many moles is 3.6x 1034
molecules of gold?

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3 Step Problems
 Converting
from grams to
molecules/atoms and
molecules/atoms to grams
 How many atoms of silver are in
2.3g of silver?
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Examples
How many molecules in 6.8 g of
CH4?
 49 molecules of C6H12O6 weighs how
much?
 How many atoms of lithium in 1.00 g
of Li?
 How much would 3.45 x 1022 atoms
of U weigh?

25
6.02 x 10 23
Particles
Molar Mass
?g
Molecules
Atoms
1 Mole
26
Gases and the Mole
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Gases
 Many
of the chemicals we deal with
are gases.
 They are difficult to weigh.
 Need to know how many moles of
gas we have.
 Two things effect the volume of a gas
 Temperature and pressure
 Compare at the same temp. and
pressure.
28
Standard Temperature and
Pressure
 0ºC
and 1 atm pressure
 abbreviated STP
 At STP 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L
 Called the molar volume
 Avogadro’s Hypothesis - at the same
temperature and pressure equal
volumes of gas have the same
number of particles.
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Examples
 What
is the volume of 4.59 mole of
CO2 gas at STP?
 How many moles is 5.67 L of O2 at
STP?
 What is the volume of 8.8g of CH4
gas at STP?
30
Density of a gas
D = m /V
 for a gas the units will be g / L
 We can determine the density of any
gas at STP if we know its formula.
 To find the density we need the mass
and the volume.
 If you assume you have 1 mole than
the mass is the molar mass (PT)
 At STP the volume is 22.4 L.

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Examples
 Find
the density of CO2 at STP.
 Find the density of CH4 at STP.
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The other way
 Given
the density, we can find the
molar mass of the gas.
 Again, pretend you have a mole at
STP, so V = 22.4 L.
m = D x V
 m is the mass of 1 mole, since you
have 22.4 L of the stuff.
 What is the molar mass of a gas with a
density of 1.964 g/L?
33  2.86 g/L?
All the things we can change
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We have learned how to
 change
moles to grams
 moles to atoms
 moles to formula units
 moles to molecules
 moles to liters
 molecules to atoms
 formula units to atoms
 formula units to ions
35
Mass
Moles
36
?g
Moles
37
Mass
Volume
?g
Moles
38
Mass
Volume 22.4 L
Moles
39
?g
Mass
Volume 22.4 L
?g
Moles
Representative
Particles
40
Mass
Volume 22.4 L
?g
Moles
23
10
6.02 x
Representative
Particles
41
Mass
Volume 22.4 L
?g
Moles
23
10
6.02 x
Representative
Particles
Atoms
42
Mass
Volume 22.4 L
?g
Mass
Moles
23
10
6.02 x
Representative
Particles
molecules
Atoms
43
Percent Composition
Like all percents
 Part x 100 %
whole
 Find the mass of each component,
 divide by the total mass.

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Example

45
Calculate the percent composition of
a compound that is 29.0 g of Ag with
4.30 g of S.
Getting it from the formula
If we know the formula, assume you
have 1 mole.
 Then you know the pieces and the
whole.

46
Examples
Calculate the percent composition of
C2H4?
 Aluminum carbonate.

47
Empirical Formula
From percentage to formula
48
The Empirical Formula
 The
lowest whole number ratio of
elements in a compound.
 The molecular formula the actual
ration of elements in a compound.
 The two can be the same.
 CH2 empirical formula
 C2H4 molecular formula
 C3H6 molecular formula
 H2O both
49
Calculating Empirical
 Just
find the lowest whole number ratio
 C6H12O6
 CH4N
 It is not just the ratio of atoms, it is also
the ratio of moles of atoms.
 In 1 mole of CO2 there is 1 mole of
carbon and 2 moles of oxygen.
 In one molecule of CO2 there is 1 atom
of C and 2 atoms of O.
50
Calculating Empirical
 Means
we can get ratio from percent
composition.
 Assume you have a 100 g.
 The percentages become grams.
 Can turn grams to moles.
 Find lowest whole number ratio by
dividing by the smallest.
51
Example
 Calculate
52
the empirical formula of a
compound composed of 38.67 % C,
16.22 % H, and 45.11 %N.
 Assume 100 g so
 38.67 g C x 1mol C
= 3.220 mole
C
12.01 gC
 16.22 g H x 1mol H
= 16.09 mole
H
1.01 gH
 45.11 g N x 1mol N = 3.219 mole N
14.01 gN
Example
 The
53
ratio is 3.220 mol C = 1 mol C
3.219 molN
1 mol N
 The ratio is 16.09 mol H = 5 mol H
3.219 molN
1 mol N
 C1H5N1
 A compound is 43.64 % P and 56.36
% O. What is the empirical formula?
 Caffeine is 49.48% C, 5.15% H,
28.87% N and 16.49% O. What is its
empirical formula?
Empirical to molecular
 Since
the empirical formula is the
lowest ratio the actual molecule
would weigh more.
 By a whole number multiple.
 Divide the actual molar mass by the
the mass of one mole of the empirical
formula.
 Caffeine has a molar mass of 194 g.
what is its molecular mass?
54
Example
A
compound is known to be
composed of 71.65 % Cl, 24.27% C
and 4.07% H. Its molar mas is known
(from gas density) is known to be
98.96 g. What is its molecular
formula?
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