World War II
Chapters 28-29
Section 3, Chapter 28 :
Fascism in Italy
Rise of Mussolini
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Italy was in chaos. There were strikes and riots.
Mussolini was an intense nationalist & organized nationalist
party.
He promised to end corruption and restore order.
Mussolini organized combat squads known as the black shirts.
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They attacked democratic institutions.
In 1922 the fascist made a bid for power.
At a rally in Naples Mussolini and his supporters announced a
March on Rome to demand that the government make
changes.
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King Victor Emmanuel III bowed to pressure and asked Mussolini
to form a government as prime minister.
Fascism in Italy
Mussolini’s Italy
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By 1925 Mussolini had assumed more power and
took the title Il Duce (the Leader)
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He suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, limited the
number of voters and rigged elections.
The economy came under state control.
Social policies
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To the Fascist the individual is unimportant except as a
member of the state. “Believe, Fight, Obey”
Women who had more than 14 children were given a
medal by Il Duce himself.
Women were treated as inferior
Women were asked to donate their gold wedding bands in
exchange for iron ones.
The youth’s minds were polluted and brainwashed.
Fascism in Italy
What is Fascism?
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An authoritarian or totalitarian government
that is not communist.
It was rooted in extreme nationalism.
They glorify action, violence, discipline, and
above all loyalty to the state.
Section 5 Chapter 28:
Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany
Problems of the Weimar Republic
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This was a democratic government.
This government faced serious problems-many
small problems.
Inflation
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Germany fell behind in reparation payments and France
took its coal rich Ruhr valley.
German workers in the Ruhr valley went on strike.
To support them the German government printed a lot of
money. This allowed them to pay the workers.
Inflation went out of control.
Germany did make a recovery, but the Great
Depression soon hit.
Hitler and rise of Nazi Germany
At left Italy’s Mussolini and to the right
Germany’s Hitler
Symbol of hate, oppression, and
racism—The Nazi Swastika.
Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany
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Adolph Hitler
Into this chaos stepped a high school drop out and
failed artist, Adolph Hitler.
He was from Austria
He served for the Germans during World War I
In 1923 he tried to take over the southern German
state of Bavaria and was thrown in jail.
Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany
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In Jail he wrote the book Mien Kampf.
This means my struggle.
This book is the Nazi holy book and reflected Hitler’s
obsessions and his racist views.
He believed that Aryans were the master race.
He blamed the German losses in World War I on the Jews
and politicians.
Within a year after joining an extremist group Hitler was
the unquestioned leader of Germany.
Like Mussolini, Hitler organized a group of thugs called
Storm Troopers.
Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany
Hitler’s road to power
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The Great depression played right into his
hands.
He promised to create jobs and end Treaty of
Versailles
Hitler became chancellor of Germany by one
vote.
Within a year Hitler was the master of
Germany.
He suspended civil rights and destroyed other
political parties.
Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany
Hitler’s Third Reich
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The First Reich was the HRE
The Second Reich was Bismarck 1871
Finally the Third Reich was Hitler’s German master
race to dominate Europe.
Totalitarian state
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Where a 1 party dictatorship dominates every aspect of it
citizens lives.
SS troops and the secret Gestapo carried out Hitler’s will.
Hitler and Rise of Nazi Germany
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Tens of thousands of people were put to work
building houses, highways and other government
projects.
Hitler then began to rearm Germany in violation of
the Versailles treaty.
Hitler Youth was created.
Hitler sought to exterminate the Jews.
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Nazi thugs terrorized the Jews.
Hitler ordered tens of thousands of Jews into concentration
camps. Which are detention centers for Jews and other
non-Aryans.
SECTION 1 Chapter 29:
From Appeasement to War
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Early Challenges to World Peace.
Japan on the Move.
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Japanese military leaders and ultra
nationalists felt that Japan should have an
empire equal to those of the western powers.
In 1931 Japan seized Manchuria
The League of Nations condemned the
aggression and Japan withdrew from the
organizations.
Italy invades Ethiopia
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Italy went after Ethiopia for some practice
since they had outdated weapons
Ethiopia’s leader Haile Selassie pleaded to
the League of Nations for help.
The League voted sanctions or penalties
against Italy.
The sanctions were not enforced.
From Appeasement to War
Hitler’s challenge
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In 1936 Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland
What is the Rhineland? German territory along
Rhine River (most fertile land).
European countries began to adopt a policy of
appeasement, which is giving into the demands of
an aggressor.
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
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Italy, Germany, and Japan became axis.
From Appeasement to War
Spanish Civil War
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Spain’s king had abdicated and a republic was set
up with a liberal constitution.
Communist wanted more radical reforms and
conservatives had thought they had gone far
enough.
Franco’s Fascist faced off against communist,
socialist, supporters of democracy and others.
Germans and Italians help Franco win the war.
This was a practice for Germany and Italy.
Francisco Franco: Dictator of Spain
From Appeasement to War
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German Invasions and Annexations.
Germany was the superior Aryan race.
Hitler invaded Austria and established an Anschluss or
union with Germany.
Hitler next wanted to go after the Sudetenland an area
with a large German population in Czechoslovakia.
At the Munich conference in 1938 European leaders
showed up at Munich to discuss Hitler’s demands.
The leaders gave the Germans the Sudetenland, for a
promise from Hitler that he would not invade any more
nations.
Chamberlain of G.B. was present and said, “We have
peace in our time.”
From Appeasement to War
Toward War
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Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia.
Czech. was the first country to fight back.
From Appeasement to War
Nazi-Soviet Pact
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Germany and Russian sign a non-aggression pact.
What did this entail?
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They agree not to fight each other.
To invade Poland and divide it up.
Invasion of Poland
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On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland.
Two days later G.B. and France declared war on
Germany
Questions
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What is Fascism?
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Who was Mussolini?
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How did Hitler gain power?
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What was Hitler doing that caused the other
countries to “give in” to his demands?
What started the actual war?
The Axis Advance
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The War Continues
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Blitzkrieg-lighting war—fast war. Move as fast
as you can.
An example is the taking over of Poland in about
one month.
 The S.U. also took Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and
keep control of them until and the early 1990’s.
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Germany then took Norway, Denmark,
Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium.
The Axis Advance
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The Maginot Line
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This was a huge fortification along the FrenchGerman border.
A lot of it was underground.
A lot of money was spent on it; as you will see
that money and effort was a huge waste!!
The Axis Advance
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Germany invades France through Belgium,
Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Why did they do
this? Why go through these countries to get to
France?
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Germany invaded France so fast that U.K. and French were
trapped along the English Channel at a town called Dunkirk.
The British government called on every available ship to
rescue the soldiers—yes it worked. 300,000 soldiers were
rescued.
France falls to Germany and Italy
The Axis Advance
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The Battle of Britain
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The Nazi plan was to weaken G.B. by bombing it
before they invaded.
The new leader of Great Britain was Prime Minister
Winston Churchill.
The British fought back with the air force called the
RAF.
For 57 nights Germany bombed London. 15,000 died.
-- Blitz
This gave the RAF time to rebuild and eventually
destroyed the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe).
P.M. Winston Churchill: courage in the face of over whelming danger
British pilots race to their planes during the Battle of Britain
The Axis Advance
Invasion of N. Africa: Italy and Germany
invade N. Africa under the Command of
General Rommel (Desert Fox) -- Oil/ Suez
want control of these
Greece and Yugoslavia were taken.
Invasion of Russia
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As the Russians retreated they burned the land
and destroyed buildings.
This is known as scorched earth policy.
The Axis Advance
U.S. Involvement
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At first the U.S. was against war.
The Lend Lease act gave the U.K. military supplies while the
U.S. got bases
Atlantic Charter-Churchill and Roosevelt agree to defeat the
Nazi’s.
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Japan Attacks P.H.
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Mistakes made by the U.S.A.
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Not listening to intelligence reports that the Japanese intended to
bomb.
Thinking the planes on radar were our own planes.
Destroying a Japanese sub in P.H. and its report not properly
passing up the chain of command.
December 7, 1941
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Yamamoto was the Japanese Admiral that planned the attack.
2,400 people died.
The Axis Advance
Greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere
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Name the Japanese gave their huge empire
in East Asia and the Pacific Islands.
Questions
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What is Blitzkrieg?
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What is the Maginot Line?
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Why does Germany help Italy in Africa?
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Why does Germany invade Russia?
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Why does the Japanese bomb the US?
Section 3 Chapter 29:
The Global Conflict,
Allied Successes
Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
French Resistance- People inside occupied
France who were using guerilla tactics to
harass and disrupt the Germans.
Their role included:
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Blowing up trains carrying troops to the front
Hide downed allied air pilots
Cause the Germans as much trouble as they could.
Vichy, France was a fake government set up by the
Nazis
Section 3
Turning points in WW II for the allies.
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El Alamein, Egypt
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British General Montgomery stopped the German advance
in Northern Africa at the battle of El Alamein
U.S./U.K. troops advance through Morocco, Algeria,
and trap the Germans (Rommel) in Tunisia
Invasion of Italy
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The U.S. Invaded Sicily and pushed Northward through the
Italian Peninsula.
Mussolini was killed by his own people.
Section 3
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Stalingrad
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The Germans actually controlled 90% of the city
The Russians completely surrounded Stalingrad
and along with the harsh winter the Germans
surrendered.
Section 3
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Invasion of France (D-day)
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Eisenhower was the commander of all allied
forces in Europe.
Diversions used at D-day.
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Tanks placed in G.B. that were made out of rubber
making it look like the invasion was going further east.
Double agents telling the Germans the attack was
coming at the Par de Calais.
Fake Paratroopers that exploded when they hit the
ground.
D-Day was on June 6, 1944.
Paris was free in Aug. 1944.
D-day: Allied troops landing on Normandy Beach
A Mulberry: an artificial harbor on Normandy Beach
Map of the D-day invasions. D-day was cod-named Operation Overlord.
Questions
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What was the French Resistance?
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What was the battle of El Alamein?
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How did the Allies advance to defeat the Germans?
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What was D-day?
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How did Eisenhower divert attention from Normandy?
Section 4 Chapter 29:
Toward Victory
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The Nazis Defeated
The Battle of the Bulge
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It occurred in Belgium
This was Germany’s last offensive move. They threw
everything they had at the allies
The Battle of Berlin
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Was fought primarily by the Russians
Hitler committed suicide
On May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered
The Soviets (Russians) hoist their victorious flag over Berlin.
Section 4
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Defeat of Japan
Atom bomb
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First Nuclear Bomb to explode in the world was in the
U.S.A.
Manhattan project was the race to create the A-bomb
First city to be bombed was Hiroshima.
Next city to be bombed was Nagasaki.
September 2, 1945 WW II was finally over.
Hiroshima after the atomic bomb
Mushroom cloud over Hiroshima after the explosion.
Section 5 Chapter 29:
From World War to Cold War
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Aftermath of War
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75 million people dead world wide – see chart
pg. 953
Holocaust: mass killings of about 9 million
people
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
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Allied Occupation
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Section 5
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United Nations
Created April 1945
 What did it do? Kept the peace, improved
education, and improved health care.
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Section 5
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Crumbling Alliance
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Containing Communism
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Growing differences between USSR & USA
Iron Curtain
Containment the idea to keep communism from spreading
(Truman Doctrine)
Germany divisions: West Free & East Communist
Berlin Airlift: fly in supplies to W. Berlin
Military Alliances
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NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Warsaw Pact: Communist alliance
Holocaust victims: This is
what happens when a
majority of people look the
other way when an atrocity
happens. Those who deny
this atrocity happened
deny reality and truth.
Holocaust
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Holocaust: systematic killing of European
Jews by the Nazis
Genocide: mass killing of a race
Concentration camp: work camp
Holocaust
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Who: Jews (6 million) but also Gypsies,
Catholics, Communists, mentally/physically
handicapped, homosexuals, Blacks. .
.anyone against Nazi Germany
Why: These people were not considered
Aryan
Where: mainly Poland, but also Germany
and France
Holocaust
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Dachau: First concentration camp in
Germany, used as a prototype for other
camps, first ppl were political leaders,
established 51 days after Hitler became
Chancellor
In its 12 years, Dachau administration
recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners
and 31,951 deaths
Dachau
Holocaust
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Auschwitz: largest Nazi concentration
camp, located outside of Krakow, Poland
The camp's first commandant testified
after the war at the Nuremburg Trials that
up to three million people had died there
(2.5 million gassed, and 500,000 from
disease and starvation)
Auschwitz
Holocaust
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Treblinka: approximately 870,000 men, women
and children were killed at Treblinka; includes
more than 800,000 Jews
Death camp only
Several German guards were killed when 300
prisoners escaped in 1943. The camp was then
dismantled and a farmhouse was built in an
attempt to hide the evidence of genocide.
Treblinka
Holocaust
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6 organized death camps across Germany
and Poland
There are many other concentration
camps
Camp information:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_death_c
amps
Holocaust
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Inside the camps:
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Get off the train, stripped, shaved, tattooed,
showered, doctor inspection, work assignment
Everyone was FORCED to work, there was a job for
everyone and everything
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Toilets
Food
Showers
Incinerators
Holocaust
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Average meal was 300 calories, soup and
a small piece of bread
Only one set of clothes
No shoes/socks
When winter hit. . .it was frigid and you
had little protection.
No wood to burn for heat
Holocaust
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Rescuers: There were people who helped
Danger: you and your family would have
been killed if caught
Help came in all sorts of ways
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Food, clothing, documentation, hiding
Holocaust
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Why?
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Only because one person hated
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This can happen again. . .its in YOUR hands!