This guide is divided into four sections.
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Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 This guide is divided into four sections. Section 1: General Language Notes Section 3: Grammar Notes Section 2: Notes by Part of Speech Section 4: Practice Sentences General Language Notes: Latin is a highly ___________ language – words change depending upon their use in a sentence. Pronunciation of Latin letters does not vary from word to word. Three key consonants to remember are ____ and ____ and ____. Vowels may be long or short. Long vowels are marked with _______________. When two vowels make one sound, the sound is called a _______________. Language Notes: There are ____ parts of speech. Students should, however, note that pronouns and adjectives were given the most attention this year. 1. INTERJECTIONS – an exclamation that has no grammatical impact on surrounding sentences or phrases. your Latin teacher can only ask two things about an interjection: what does it mean and what part of speech it is. Darn! Latin is almost over. Alas, I will miss Latin. Hurray! I will be in Latin III soon. Give the English for the Latin Interjections below. eheū:__________ ecce:__________ euge:__________ heus:__________ 2. NOUNS – person, place, thing, or idea Nouns have three qualities: ______________, ______________, and ______________. Nouns in Latin are grouped into five families or ___________________. Nouns are declined into various cases, because Latin is inflected. Hint: Your teacher might ask about a noun’s number, gender, or case. You might also be asked about the reason that a noun is in a case – that will be discussed in Part III. List the six cases in order here: Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 When you learn a Latin noun, you learn four things: nominative, genitive, gender, definition. aula, aulae f palace puer, puerī m boy ordō, ordinis m row equus, equī m horse saxum, saxī n rock mare, maris n sea manus, manūs f hand effigiēs, effigiēī f statue To decline a noun, you must know its declension number and stem. To determine a noun’s declension number, look at the _______________. To determine a noun’s stem, look at the _______________. If the genitive ends in ____, it is a 1st declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem. If the genitive ends in ____, it is a 2nd declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem. If the genitive ends in____, it is a 3rd declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem. If the genitive ends in ____, it is a 4th declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem. If the genitive ends in____, it is a 5th declension noun. Remove the ending to find the stem. You MUST learn the gender of each noun. You will not understand noun-adjective agreement unless you do so. Here’s a handy* trick: Hold up your hand. Wiggle your thumb and pinky. Feminine nouns with a few masculine. Wiggle your pointer and ring fingers. Masculine and neuter nouns. Carefully wiggle your middle finger. Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. *Handy – get it??? Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 Decline the following nouns. aula, aulae f equus, equī m saxum, saxī n ordō, ordinis m Nom * Gen Dat Acc * Abl Voc1 Nom * Gen Dat Acc * Abl Voc litus, litoris n * * * * *What is meant by the rule of the netuer? _____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ ars, artis f mare, maris n manus, manūs f rēs, rēi f Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl Voc 1 Did you forget how to form the vocative? Vocative Rule One: The vocative plural is ALWAYS the same as the _______________ _______________. No matter what declension or gender. Vocative Rule Two: The vocative singular is USUALLY the same as the _______________ _______________. Vocative Rule Two Exception A: 2nd declensions that end in –us, change to _____. Vocative Rule Two Exception B: 2nd declensions that end in –ius, change to _____. Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl Voc Take a second look at ars and mare. Did you remember that they are i-stems? How to spot a third declension i-stem: neuter nouns that end in –e, -al, or –ar . masculine and feminine nouns whose nom ends in –is or –es, and whose nominative and genitive have the same number of syllables. masculine and feminine nouns whose nominative ends in –s or –x, and whose genitive ends in two consonants. How an i-stem’s declension varies: masculine, feminine, and neuter genitive plural is ______. neuter ablative singular is ______. neuter nominative/accusative plural is ______. Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 3. PRONOUNS – take the place of a noun Whenever you learn a new pronoun, you learn 30 forms! Each pronoun has a masculine, feminine, and neuter form in each case. You did a lot of work this year just learning pronouns! Use the word bank to help you the type of pronoun, and be certain that you can decline each pronoun in the word bank. aliquis, aliquid iste, ista, istud tū/vōs ipse, ispa, ipsum no nominative forms is, ea, id hic, haec, hoc ego/nōs ille, illa, illud Demonstrative pronouns: __________________________________ Intensive pronoun: __________________________________ Personal pronouns: __________________________________ Reflexive pronoun: __________________________________ Relative pronoun: __________________________________ 4. ADJECTIVES – modify nouns Adjectives, like nouns, have three qualities: _____________, _____________, and _____________. Adjectives are that friend who ALWAYS agrees with you. Do you want ketchup on your Chinese food? So does the adjective modifying you. Do you want to jump off a cliff? So does the adjective modifying you. An adjective will ALWAYS agree with the noun that it modifies in what ways? We have seen two types of adjectives. First / Second declension adjectives like miser, -a, -um. These are the easiest, because they decline like 1st and 2nd declension nouns. Third declension adjectives like fortis, forte or ingens. All third declension adjectives are i-stems! Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 miser misera miserum facilis facile Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl Voc Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl Voc You will practice noun-adjective agreement in Part III. Adjectives have degrees. To form the comparative adjective, add ___________ to the base of the positive for the masculine/feminine form. To form the superlative, add ___________ to the base of the positive. o If an adjective ends in –er, form the superlative by adding ___________ to the nominative. Positive/Base Comparative Superlative īrātus, īrāta, īrātum ____________________ ____________________ miser, misera, miserum ____________________ ____________________ pulcher, pulchra, pulchra ____________________ ____________________ fortis, forte ____________________ ____________________ ingens ____________________ ____________________ Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 Some adjectives have an irregular comparison. Positive/Base Comparative Superlative bonus-a-um ____________________ ____________________ malus-a-um ____________________ ____________________ magnus-a-um ____________________ ____________________ parvus-a-um ____________________ ____________________ 5. PREPOSITIONS – shows relationships (in time or space) between a noun (or pronoun) and another part of the sentence. There are about 50 Latin prepositions, but stop worrying. First, English has 150 prepositions – so suddenly Latin just got a whole lot easier! Second, you only need to know about a dozen Latin prepositions. Give the English for the prepositions below. a/ab __________ dē __________ inter __________ prope _________ ad __________ ē/ex __________ per __________ sine __________ apud __________ in __________ post __________ cum__________ in __________ pro __________ There is an added twist to prepositions – the object of the preposition (OOP). This will be discussed more in Part III. Ablative prepositions: Is it a Sid P Space preposition? Is it part of the ablative cheer? Then it is followed by an ablative! cum, ex, ē IN may be followed by the accusative or the ablative. Don’t forget that it means different things with each case. sine, pro, prae in villā - _______________ Take the ablatae! in villam - _______________ Ablative Cheer Sine In Dē Pro Sub Prae A/ab Cum Ē/ex a, ab, dē, Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 6. CONJUNCTIONS – a word that joins or connects other words, phrases, or clauses et _____________ quamquam ____________ sed _____________ postquam _____________ quod_____________ sicut _____________ quod and postquam introduce dependent (subordinate) clauses. Name those two clauses. _____________________________ and _____________________________ 7. ADVERBS – modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Cerberus quite loudly barked at the very sleepy cook. (loudly modifies the verb; quite modifies the adverb; very modifies the adjective) Some adverbs are formed from adjectives. And – like adjectives – adverb have degrees. Adjective Positive adverb Comparative adv Superlative adv īrātus, īrāta, īrātum _________________ _________________ _________________ miser, misera, miserum _________________ _________________ _________________ pulcher, pulchra, pulchra _________________ _________________ _________________ dulcis, dulce _________________ _________________ _________________ neglegens _________________ _________________ _________________ Some adjectives have an irregular comparison. Adjective Positive adverb Comparative adv bonus-a-um _________________ _________________ _________________ malus-a-um _________________ _________________ _________________ magnus-a-um _________________ _________________ _________________ parvus-a-um _________________ _________________ _________________ quam + superlative adverb = as ____ as possible parvus canis quam ferocissimē latrat. Superlative adv Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 Some adverbs are not formed from adjectives. These words were learned as vocabulary. Make sure you know all of these adverbs! cotidiē iam num? saepe tandem cūr igitur semper tum deinde ita numqua m simulac ubi diū ita vērō valde etiam iterum paulisper simulatq ue heri mox postrīdiē statim hodiē nōn quam subitō hūc nonne? quoque tamen nunc 8. VERBS Verbs have FIVE qualities: ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, _____________________, and _____________________. Translate the following verbs. amat: ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ amābat: ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ amāvit: ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ amāverat: ______________________________ Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 Practice forming verbs with the ever exciting verb game! Study the verb chart below. The top left box shows the 1st person singular forms of amāre in the present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. Go down one box, and find the forms of the 2nd person singular. Roll a die. If you get a one, work with amāre; a two uses habēre, a three uses ducere; a four uses sentīre; a five uses capere; and a six uses esse. Roll the die again. A one means to give the first person singular forms…a five means to give the 2nd person plural forms. This is a great game to practice with a Latin friend! amō amābam amāvī amāveram amās amābās amāvistī amāverās amat amābat amāvit amāverat amāmus amābāmus amāvimus amāverāmus amātis amābātis amāvistis amāverātis amant amābant amāvērunt amāverant habeō habēbam habuī habueram habēs habēbās habuistī habuerās habet habēbat habuit habuerat habēmus habēbāmus habuimus habuerāmus habētis habēbātis habuistis habuerātis habent habēbant habuērunt habuerant ducō ducēbam duxī duxeram ducis ducēbās duxistī duxerās ducit ducēbat duxit duxerat ducimus ducēbāmus duximus duxerāmus ducitis ducēbātis duxistis duxerātis ducunt ducēbant duxērunt duxerant capiō capiēbam cepī ceperam capis capiēbās cepistī ceperās capit capiēbat cepit ceperat capimus capiēbāmus cepimus ceperāmus capitis capiēbātis cepistis ceperātis capiunt capiēbant cepērunt ceperant 10 sentiō sentiēbam sensī senseram sentīs sentiēbās sensistī senserās sentit sentiēbat sensit senserat sentīmus sentiēbāmus sensimus senserāmus sentītis sentiēbātis sensistis senserātis sentiunt sentiēbant sensērunt senserant sum eram fuī fueram es erās fuistī fuerās est erat fuit fuerat sumus erāmus fuimus fuerāmus estis erātis fuistis fuerātis sunt erant fuērunt fuerant Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 Now try the same game with the irregular verbs! What fun! possum poteram potuī potueram potes poterās potuistī potuerās potest poterat potuit potuerat possumus poterāmus potuimus potuerāmus potestis poterātis potuistis potuerātis possunt poterant potuērunt potuerant volō volēbam voluī volueram vīs volēbās voluistī voluerās vult volēbat voluit voluerat volumus volēbāmus voluimus voluerāmus vultis volēbātis voluistis voluerātis vulunt volēbant voluērunt voluerant nolō nolēbam noluī nolueram nōn vīs nolēbās noluistī noluerās nōn vult nolēbat noluit noluerat nolumus nolēbāmus noluimus noluerāmus nōn vultis nolēbātis noluistis noluerātis nolunt nolēbant noluērunt noluerant ferō ferēbam tulī tuleram fers ferēbās tulistī tulerās fert ferēbat tulit tulerat ferimus ferēbāmus tulimus tulerāmus fertis ferēbātis tulistis tulerātis ferunt ferēbant tulērunt tulerant eō ībam iī ieram īs ībās iī ierās it ībat iit ierat īmus ībāmus iimus ierāmus ītis ībātis iistis ierātis eunt ībant iērunt ierant Learn the imperative! sum eram fuī fueram es erās fuistī fuerās est erat fuit fuerat sumus erāmus fuimus fuerāmus estis erātis fuistis fuerātis sunt erant fuērunt fuerant You already know two examples! The imperative is a fancy word for a __________________. carpe diem! cavē canem! To form the imperative, use the __________ principal part. 1st conjugation curāre 2nd conjugation deridēre 3rd conjugation frangere 3rd iō recipere Singular Plural Hint: There are four exceptions to the singular forms. dīc, duc, fac, and fer should have an e, but lost it somewhere! The negative imperative consists of two words: ___________/___________ + ______ principal part 11 4th conjugation consentīre Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 Part III Latin is a highly inflected language. Nouns (and adjectives and pronouns) change cases to show their grammatical use or function. Here are the grammatical reasons for each case. Names of cases nominative ____________________ Reason(s) for Case subject ____________________ predicate nominative/adj – (Linking Verb NEEDED) ____________________ genitive ____________________ dative ____________________ possession ____________________ Indirect object ____________________ Object of special verb (OSV) ____________________ Compound verbs ____________________ accusative ____________________ Direct object ____________________ Object of certain prepositions (OOP) ____________________ Place to which ____________________ ablative ____________________ Object of certain prepositions (OOP) ____________________ Place where ____________________ Place from which ____________________ accompaniment ____________________ vocative ____________________ Direct address ____________________ 12 Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 A questionable topic? But I have a question! In English, we know that someone is asking a question, because word order is changed. Sentence: The mother scolds her son. Question: __________________________________________________ In Latin, word order stays the same, but ______ is added to the first word of the sentence to make a yes or no question. Sentence: māter fīlium vituperat. Question: __________________________________________________ Latin (and English) can also ask ‘loaded’ questions. **Surely, you did your homework last night, didn’t you? **That’s not gum in your mouth, is it? Give the expected answer (in Latin) to the following questions. nōnne māter fīlium vituperat? __________________________________________________ num māter fīlium vituperat? __________________________________________________ Noun/Adjective agreement Give the correct form of laetus,a,um and crudelis, crudele to describe the underlined noun. Happy Cruel 1. ancilla fēlēm sacerdotum _____ nōn amat. ________________ ________________ 2. cīvēs _____ leōnēs spectant. ________________ ________________ 3. Grumiō ancillae _____ basium dedit. ________________ ________________ 13 Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 4. mercator cum feminā _____ ambulāvit. ________________ ________________ 5. Quīntus _____ erat. ________________ ________________ 6. Quīntus operīs _____ pecuniam dedit. ________________ ________________ 7. Quīntus vinum _____ bibit. ________________ ________________ 8. Salvius ancillās _____ vituperāvit. ________________ ________________ 9. Salvius servo _____ cibum non dedit. ________________ ________________ 10. servus ē vīllā Salviī _____ effugit. ________________ ________________ Practice Sentences The final section contains English to Latin translation. This is the best way to make sure that you truly know the grammar. Don’t be surprised if you make some mistakes – English to Latin translation is difficult. The trick is to engage your brain in the process. Don’t treat this as a vocabulary exercise – it is a grammar exercise. The answers are online. If you have difficulty accessing the Internet at home, your teacher will ensure that you have the time to check your work at school. Section I 1. We wanted to inspect the fields and slaves. 2. It is easy for the ships to sail across the sea. 3. Are you (singular) able to save the king? http://safeshare.tv/w/RCAPGpHiII Section II 1. The sons of chieftains were approaching the priest of the goddess. 2. I am in charge of everything. 14 Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 3. It is not proper for a slave to block a freedman. 4. No one pleases Salvius. http://safeshare.tv/w/gmXuCUZdwu Section III 1. 2. 3. 4. The flowers, which the queen gave Quintus, were very beautiful. The craftsmen of the king, who killed the slave, had built the temples. The waves, in which Plotina died, submerged the ship of the sailor. The wagon, which the horse drags, carries wounded soldiers. http://safeshare.tv/w/KYTSJmVkvC Section IV 1. It is better for you to flee. 2. The smallest lion is more fierce than the angriest man. 3. The most wretched husband gave money to his rather tired wife. http://safeshare.tv/w/nGAwcFiDAh Section V 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Those young men hurry to the city. It is large. Yesterday, that crowd filled these streets. This doctor grabbed that sponge. He placed it in the wound. The foolish man spoke to himself. The god himself spoke these words to me. http://safeshare.tv/w/tYvLTBJYmh Section VI 1. The citizen bringing the crocodile was my best friend. 2. We saw the dog taking food out of the kitchen. 15 Latin II Final Exam Study Guide 2014-2015 3. You (pl) gave nothing to the woman seeking justice. 4. The old man saw his mother sitting in the atrium. 5. We were able to hear the voices of the shouting sailors. http://safeshare.tv/w/QrcXegzgtl 16
