FEDERALISTS
•Supported the Constitution
•Large landowners/merchants and
artisans
•Farmers
•Most from coastal areas of Northern
states
ANTIFEDERALISTS
• Wanted Constitution but Opposed
Constitution as written without Bill of
Rights
• Wanted to add a Bill of Rights
• Thought it would endanger the rights of
the states
• Some were prominent American leaders
while others were western farmers
• Mostly from South and western territories.
Comparison of the Two
• Antifederalists used negative campaign
and had nothing to suggest in place of
Constitution
• Federalists better organized, newspapers
supported them
• Federalists also wrote the Federalist
Papers – 85 essays arguing for ratification
Ratification
• 1787 Delaware first to ratify then PA, NJ, GA,
CT
• Massachusetts ratified only after Federalists
agreed to amendment giving states all powers
not specifically granted to federal government
• VA ratified after Federalists agreed to Bill of
Rights
• NY ratified after VA and NH did
• By 1790 both NC and RI ratified to make it
unanimous
NEW GOVERNMENT
• 1789 established Department of State,
Dept of Treasury, Dept of War, and
Attorney General office
• Thomas Jefferson – Sec. of State
• Alexander Hamilton – Sec. of Treasury
• Henry Knox – Sec. of War
• Edmund Randolph – Attorney General
Other positions in Govt
• Judicial Branch established
• John Jay – first Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court
Bill of Rights
• Went into effect in 1789 – The first 10
amendments to the Constitution the AntiFederalists demanded.
• Amendments 1-8 protected individual
rights against actions of federal govt
• Amendment 9 acknowledges that people
have rights other than those listed in 1-8
• Amendment 10 gave states all those
powers not specifically given to the federal
government
Government and Finances
• Needed additional money to operate
• 2 plans proposed
– 1. James Madison – tax imports from other
countries – Tariff of 1789 – all importers pay
5% on cargo brought into the US. Shippers
paid as well. Made the South mad
– 2. Alexander Hamilton – tax but also create a
national bank so they could borrow money
Opposition to national bank
• Said if we honored bonds sold at full value
would be unfair since farmers and war
veterans had sold theirs to speculators
• Southernors didn’t like the fact most of the
bonds were owned by northerers and
southerners would end up paying tax
• Southerners agreed to bank when they
were guaranteed new capital would be in
the South
National Bank
• Allowed govt. to manage debts and
interest payments
• Gave loans to govt. and individuals
• Issued paper money ( wanted money to
encourage trade and investments and
stimulate economic growth
• Enumerated powers are those named or
listed in the US Constititution that belong
to the national government specifically
• The “necessary and proper” clause allows
the government to do things that are
needed to carry out the duties assigned to
them in the Constitution but they are NOT
specifically stated. Also known as the
“elastic clause.”
Southern Opposition
• Felt only northerners could afford bank
stock
• Madison argued establishing banks wasn’t
in the enumerated powers in the
Constitution
• Bank passed using “necessary and
proper” clause and said it was an implied
power
Whiskey Rebellion
• 1791 Hamilton’s proposed tax on whiskey
passed in Congress
• Western area farmers enraged
• G. Washington sent 13,000 troops to put
down the rebellion – showed that a
stronger government really could work.
• Split over Hamilton’s financial plan
resulted in the formation of 2 political
parties
Federalists
• Led by Hamilton
• Wanted strong national govt. in the hands
of the wealthy
• Believed in manufacturing and trade as
the basis of wealth and power
• Supported by artisans, merchants,
manufacturers, bankers, urban workers,
and Eastern farmers
• Domestic policy – refers to political ideas
that relate to anything going on in the
United States
• Foreign policy – refers to political ideas
that deal with US relations with other
countries,
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS
• Many had been Anti-Federalists
• Led by Madison and Jefferson
• Usually called Republicans and later became
Democrats
• Believed strength came from independent
farmers. (sometimes referred to as agrarianism)
• Supported agriculture over trade and commerce
• Favored states’ rights over power of federal
govt.
• Supported by the rural South and West
Washington’s Foreign Policy
• War starts in France 1789 – French
Revolution
• Americans split – Federalists against it
because of violence Republicans
supported it because it was a fight for
liberty.
• 1793 France declares war on England
US REMAINS NEUTRAL
• Washington wanted the US to remain
friendly and impartial to between the two
countries
• British navy intercepted neutral ships,
including American ones, taking goods to
French ports
• Washington sent John Jay to try to resolve
problem
Jay’s Treaty
• Gave Great Britain the right to seize
American ships headed for France
• In return Britain gave US most-favored
nation status. – American merchants
wouldn’t be discriminated against when
trading with Great Britain.
• Prevented us going to war again and
protected our economy
Problems with Jay’s Treaty
• Made Spain think the US and Great Britain
might join forces and try to take over their
territories in the US.
• Thomas Pinckney signed treaty with them
in 1795
• Pinckney’s Treaty gave US the rights to
use the Mississippi River to deposit goods
in New Orleans.
Westward Expansion
• People were moving to the area between
the Appalachian Mountains and the
Mississippi River.
• Lots of fertile soil, lots of land, wide rivers,
and variety of fish and game.
• Increase in number of settlers led to
problems with the Native Americans
Native Americans
• Confederacy of several groups formed to
fight white settlers
• Led by Little Turtle of the Miami people in
the Northwest Territory
• Won first two battles but were put down by
American troops led by General Anthony
Wayne
Treaty of Greenville
• 1795 – 12 Native American nations gave
up parts of what is now Ohio and Indiana
in return for a yearly payment of $10,000
from the US govt.
• Caused increase in number of settlers
moving into the region
Washington Leaves Office
• Retired because of irritation over party politics
and attacks on his personal character
• In farewell address he advised American people
to avoid sectionalism (dividing the country into
the North and South or East and West)
• Also warned about political parties and
becoming too attached to any foreign nation
First Big Election
•
•
•
•
1796 first openly contested election
Federalists backed John Adams
Republicans backed Thomas Jefferson.
Adams won 71-68
Other Foreign Policy Issues
• Citizen Genet
– Sent from France to try to organize support
for the French government during the
revolution.
– Got American ships to attack British ships
under the French flag
– Washington demanded he be recalled to
France
– Genet asked to stay in the US because of the
danger in France
Quasi-War
• 1798 Congress suspended trade with France
and ordered navy to capture French ships.
• Became an undeclared war at sea
• Start new negotiations.
• Convention of 1800 gave up all US claims
against France for damages to American
shipping.
• France released US from Treaty of 1778.
• Quasi War ends
Continued
• British take hundreds of American ships
trading with the French West Indies
• Impress (kidnap) sailors to serve in the
British navy.
Undeclared War with France
• French mad over Jay’s Treaty and start
seizing American ships on their way to
England.
• Federalists called for war
• President Adams sent negotiators to
France
• French demanded bribes from Americans
before they would negotiate – XYZ Affair
XYZ Affair-1797
• President Adams sent 3 representatives to
France to try to restore relations with them
• XYZ refers to the French agents of Prime
Minister Tallyrand.
• They would only begin negotiations if the
US paid a bribe of $250,000 to the 5
directors heading the French government.
• Enraged Americans who began to call for
war
Undeclared War with France
• French mad over Jay’s Treaty and start
seizing American ships on their way to
England.
• Federalists called for war
• President Adams sent negotiators to
France
• French demanded bribes from Americans
before they would negotiate – XYZ Affair
Quasi-War
• 1798 Congress suspended trade with France
and ordered navy to capture French ships.
• Became an undeclared war at sea
• Start new negotiations.
• Convention of 1800 gave up all US claims
against France for damages to American
shipping.
• France released US from Treaty of 1778.
• Quasi War ends
War Between the Parties
• Federalists passed 4 laws aimed at
Republicans – the Alien and Sedition Acts
• The point behind these acts was for the
Federalists to be able to control the
government
• By preventing the new immigrants from
becoming citizens for 14 years it would
give them more time to establish
themselves as the most powerful party.
– 3 were aimed at aliens and the major points
were that
• immigrants couldn’t become citizens for 14 years
• The President had power to deport them without a
trial if he thought they seemed dangerous to the
US
-fourth prevented sedition
couldn’t print of say anything false or scandalous
against the government or its officers
Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions
criticizing the Alien and Sedition Acts
•Written by Jefferson and Madison
•States that because the states created the Constitution, they
had the power to judge whether a federal law was
unconstitutional
•VA Resolutions introduced “interposition” saying that if the
federal government did something unconstitutional, the states
had the right to interpose between the federal govt. and the
people and stop the illegal action
•KY Resolutions proposed “nullification” saying the states
could declare a federal law invalid if unconstitutional
Election of 1800
• Aaron Burr vs. Thomas Jefferson
• Tied for number of votes
• House of Representatives to break the tie
according to the Constitution
• Had a tie in the House
• Tie broken and Jefferson became
President after agreeing not dismantle
Hamilton’s financial system. Jefferson
wins by 1 vote.
Jefferson Takes Office
• Tried to bring the two parties together by
integrating Republican ideas into
Federalist policies already in place
• Began paying off federal debt
• Cut govt. spending
• Did away with whiskey tax
• Planned to reduce the size of the standing
army use local militia instead
US Expands West
• Jefferson in favor of expansion
• 1800 – France convinced Spain to return
LA to them – Robert Livingston ordered by
Jefferson to block the deal or get the US in
a position to get some concessions from it
• 1803 – Napolean needs money and
agrees to sell LA Territory to the US for
$15 million, doubling the size of the US
Rise of Supreme Court
• Judiciary Act 1801 – created 16 new
federal judges
• Before leaving office, Adams appointed
Federalists to those positions
• Congress repealed the act after Jefferson
became president and did away with the
“midnight judges” and their offices
•An attempt was made to impeach Justice Chase but it
failed– showed that judges could not be removed from office
simply because Congress disagreed with their decisions
•John Marshall (served 34 years)named Chief Justice by
President Adams
•1803 case Marbury v Madison
•Established the court’s right to judicial review or the power
of the court to decide whether laws passed by Congress
were Constitutional and to strike down those that were not
US Expands Continued
• Jefferson funds Lewis and Clarke to
explore territory
• Sacagawea (indian woman) was the guide
• Also gave the US a claim to the Oregon
Territory along the west coast
• 1805 – Zebulon Pike explores upper
Mississippi River, Arkansas River, and
Colorado giving us info on the Rocky
Mountains and Great Plains
Expansion Continued
• South and West are gaining political
strength
• Group of northern Federalists write Essex
Junto – a plan to take New England out of
the Union because they felt the North was
losing influence
• Try to get NY into the movement so ask
Aaron Burr to run for governor of the state
Rising International Tension
• Jefferson spent his second term in office
trying to keep the US out of tensions
between Britain and France
• Britain declared all ships going to Europe
needed British licenses. Napolean said
anyone who obeyed would have cargos
confiscated when they reached Europe
• US caught in the middle
•Britain begins impressment of American sailors
•1807 British warship Leopard stopped American
warship Chesapeake to search for British deserters
– Chesapeake refused and 3 Americans killed
• Anti-British mobs rioted in the US
•Jefferson asked Congress to pass the Embargo
Act of 1807 which banned trade with other
countries
• Embargo repealed in 1809 because it was hurting
the US economy
Here We Go To War Again
•
•
•
•
1808 James Madison becomes president
Wanted to avoid war
Congress passed the Non-Intercourse Act
Banned trade with France and England
and allowed the president to reopen trade
with the country that removed its
restrictions first
• It was an attempt to play them against
each other and failed
Trade Problems Continue
• Macon’s Bill Number 2 would reopen trade with
both countries but if either country dropped
restrictions on trade, the US would stop
importing goods from the other country
• Napolean said France would drop restrictions
but would still seize US ships
• Britain refused to drop restrictions and Congress
passed a non-importation act against Britain
• 1812 Britain ended restrictions on American
trade
• 2 days later Congress declared war on England
War of 1812
• Members who voted for war were mostly
from the South and West
• Nicknamed “War Hawks”
• Restrictions on trade had hurt them the
worst
• Also blamed Britain for the clashes with
Native Americans
War continued
• Speculators and settlers were responsible for the
clashes
• Tecumseh, a Shawnee leader, wanted the Native
Americans to unite to protect their lands
• William Henry Harrison was governor of Indiana territory
and prepared to stop them
• Battle of Tippecanoe caused Native Americans to fall
apart and many fled to British held Canada
• This added to the belief that the British were behind the
clashes
• June 1812 War declared – the Northeast voting against it
Canada Invaded
• Madison ordered the invasion although we
weren’t prepared for a war
• All 3 American attacks on Canada failed
• Commodore Oliver Perry secretly arranged for a
fleet to be constructed on the coast of Lake Erie
• 1813 – fleet attacked British and British
surrendered. Canadians stopped further
American attacks and US didn’t conquer any
Canadian territory
War Ends
• War was over between the British and
French
• 1814 Britain sent troops to deal with UUS
• Landed their troops near Washington, DC
and seized the capital – burned White
House and Capitol buildings
• Next attacked Baltimore but were defeated
• Later moved into NY where their fleet was
defeated and they retreated to Montreal
War of 1812 Continued
• Hartford Convention called for
amendments to increase New England’s
political power
• 1815 – British fleet lands near New
Orleans
• Andrew Jackson commanded American
forces – used cotton bales to absorb
bullets
• Battle of New Orleans made him a hero
War of 1812 Cont.
• War destroyed Federalist Party
• Created sense of nationalism in the US
• Treaty of Ghent ended the war 12/24/1814
and restored prewar boundaries – no
territory changed hands
• War of 1812 increased American prestige
overseas and created a new feeling of
patriotism and national unity.