MCQS PAGE# 1-19:
1. Microorganism played a major role in history : (a)
a. Decline of roman empire
b. Evolution
c. Independence of Pakistan
d. Destroying books
2. Microorganisms are: (c)
a. Agents that can be seen with naked eye
b. Agents too large to be seen with naked eye
c. Agents too small to be seen with naked eye
d. All of the above
3. “microbiology” is the study of : (d)
a. Plants
b. Animals
c. Only fungi
d. All microorganisms
4. The bacteria that are visible even without microscope are: (c)
a. Thiomargarita
b. Epulopiscium
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
5. who suggested that “disease was caused by invisible living organisms”? (c)
a. Lucretius
b. Fracastoro
c. both a and b
d. newton
6. the earliest microscopic observation was made in: (a)
a. 1625-1630
b. 1500
c. 1990-2000
d. 2012
7. the first microscopic examination was made on: (b)
a. viruses
b. bees
c. elephants
d. dinosaurs
8. Leeuwenhoek’s microscope could magnify the object upto: (d)
a. 3000-50000 times
b. 2-4 times
c. 100 times
d. 50-300 times
9. in earlier times, people believed in which concept of generation? (b)
a. biogenesis
b. abiogenesis
c. decomposition
d. mutation
10. abiogenesis was first challenged by:
a. Francesco Redi
b. Isaac Newton
c. Galileo
d. Einstien
11. Needham was a supporter of: (a)
a. spontaneous generation
b. aspontaneous generation
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
12. Needham’s experiment was improved by: (b)
a. newton
b. Spallanzani
c. Einstein
d. Needham
13. the controversy of abiogenesis was finally resolved by? (d)
a. Needham
b. Redi
c. Spallanzani
d. Pasteur
14. The great potato blight of Ireland was caused by: (a)
a. fungus
b. bacteria
c. virus
d. none of the above
15. which of the following is NOT among the four humors? (b)
a. blood
b. brain
c. phlegm
d. yellow bile
16. according to Agostino Bassi, the silkworm disease was due to a:
a. fungal infection
b. protozoan infection
c. bacterial infection
d. viral infection
17. Lister used which chemical agent for sterilization? (c)
a. water
b. acid
c. phenol
d. Mercury
18. Indirect evidence that microorganisms were agents of human disease came from the work of:
(b)
a. Einstein
b. Lister
c. Newton
d. Galileo
19. Joseph Lister worked on: (d)
a. brain cells
b. muscle cells
c. PCR
d. wound infection
20. The first direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing disease came from the study
of: (b)
a. HIV
b. anthrax
c. HPV
d. HBV
21. Who proposed that bacteria have a role in causing disease? (a)
a. Koch
b. Newton
c. Redi
d. Aristotle
22. Robert Koch published his findings in: (b)
a. 1857
b. 1876
c. 2012
d. 1980
23. the animal model used by Koch was: (d)
a. horse
b. sheep
c. goat
d. mouse
24. Koch’s criteria for proving the relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease
is known as: (c)
a. Liser’s points
b. Einstein’s theory
c. Koch’s postulates
d. Newton’s laws
25. on the basis of observations, a _________ is developed. (a)
a. hypothesis
b. conclusion
c. observation
d. none of the above
26. A ____________ is a set of propositions and concepts that provides a reliable, systematic,
and rigorous account of an aspect of nature: (d)
a. observation
b. hypothesis
c. idea
d. theory
27. whilw conducting an experiment, it is essential to set up a ____________ group along with
an experimental group: (d)
a. typicsl
b. classical
c. compact
d. control
28. Koch’s proof that ___________ caused anthrax was independently confirmed by Pasteur and
his coworkers: (a)
a. Bacillus anthracis
b. E.coli
c. HIV
d. Salmonella
29. it was discovered that after the burial of dead animals, anthraxspores survived and were
brought to the surface by ___________: (b)
a. butterflies
b. earthworms
c. silkworms
d. cobras
30. healthy animal ingesting the anthrax spores became _________: (b)
a. healthy
b. ill
c. vampires
d. all of the above
31. gelatin was not an ideal solidifying agent because: (a)
a. it was digested by many bacteria
b. it was sticky
c. it was hazardous
d. none of the above
32. Koch used ________ as a solidifying agent: (c)
a. glue
b. water
c. gelatin
d. soft drinks
33. Eilshemius Hesse suggested the use of _____________ as a solidifying agent: (a)
a. agar
b. gelatin
c. glue
d. water
34. Agar did not melt until reaching a temperature of ____________ : (b)
a. 10 C
b. 1000 C
c. 100 C
d. 1 C
35. one of the Koch’s assistant, __________ developed the petri dish: (c)
a. Walther Hesse
b. Albert Einstein
c. Richard Petri
d. John Salker
36. isolation of pure culture stimulated developments in all the areas of ____________: (d)
a. physics
b. chemistry
c. philosophy
d. bacteriology
37. meat axtracts and ________ digests were used as nutrient sources for growing bacteria:
a. protein
b. grass
c. leaf
d. insect
38. By 1882 Koch had used these techniques to isolate the bacillus that caused __________: (a )
a. tuberculsosis
b. cancer
c. illness
d. malaise
39. most of the bacterial pathogens were isolated in : (c)
a. silver age
b. diamond age
c. golden age
d. black age
40. the first viral pathogen to be studied was? (a)
a. Tobacco Mosaic Virus
b. Influenza virus
c. Polio virus
d. HIV
41. porcelain bacterial filters were constructd by? (b)
a. Walther Hesse
b. Charles Chamberland
c. Robert Koch
d. Redi
42. the construction of ____________________ by Charles Chamberland made possible the
discovery of virus: (a)
a. porcelain bacterial filters
b. candle wax
c. gelatin
d. none of the above
43. Pastuer named the attenuated cultures as? (a)
a. vaccine
b. waste
c. tablet
d. threat
44. Pasteur and _________ discovered that incubating their cultures for long intervals between
transfers would attenuate the bacteria. (c)
a. Redi
b. Stanley
c. Roux
d. Chamberland
45.The name “ vaccine” is derived from a latin word “vacca” which means ___________: (a)
a. cow
b. horse
c. hen
d. birds
46. the attenuated material was named as vaccine by Pasteur, in honor of __________; (b)
a. Robert Brown
b. Edward Jenner
c. William Shakespeare
d. Albert Einstein
47. Jenner had used vaccination with material from ___________ lesions: (d)
a. bacterial
b. fungal
c. B. anthracis
d. cowpox
48. _____________ and Chamberland developed an attenuated anthrax vaccine: (a)
a. Pasteur
b. Jenner
c. Newton
d. Darwin
49. Pasteur and Chamberland developed an attenuated anthrax vaccine by treating the culture
with ______________: (b)
a. Sodium Chloride
b. Potassium bichromate
c. Magnessium chloride
d. Sodium bicarbonate
50. Pasteur and Chamberland developed an attenuated anthrax vaccine by incubating the
bacteria at ______________; (c)
a. 10-15 C
b. 2-3 C
c. 42-43 C
d. 63-72 C
51. After the anthrax vaccine, Pasteur prepared ________ vaccine: (a)
a. rabies
b. influenza
c. tetanus
d. rotavirus
52. In the process of preparing rabies vaccine, the virus was first grown in the abnormal host
____________: (a)
a. rabbit
b. monkey
c. chimpanzee
d. frog
53. the _____________ and spinal cord of rabbits were used during the course of rabbies vaccine
preparation: (b)
a.liver
b. brain
c. heart
d. lungs
54. Pasteur injected the first rabbies vaccine to a: (a)
a. 9 year old boy
b. 20 year old boy
c. 50 year old man
d. dead man
55. Pasteur injected the first rabbies vaccine to: (c)
a. John Francis
b.Robert Brown
c. Joseph Meister
d. Lister
56. Joseph was injected ____________ times by Pasteur with the rabbies vaccine: (d)
a. 3
b. 23
c. 33
d. 13
57. “Pasteur Institute in Paris” is situated in: (b)
a. Rome
b. France
c. Italy
d. America
58. the initial task of “Pasteur Institute in Paris” was : (a)
a. vaccine production
b. PCR development
c. antibiotic production
d. none of the above
59. antibodies are a component of : (b)
a. cell mediated immunity
b. humoral immunity
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
60. blood cells are a component of:
a. cell mediated immunity
b. humoral immunity
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
61. Elie Metchnikoff discovered _______________: (d)
a. blood
b. antibodies
c. RBCs
d. phagocytes
62. phagocytes were discovered by ______________: (a)
a. Elie Metchnikoff
b. Edward Jenner
c. Vont Hoff
d. Elbert Einstein
63. the process of engulfing the disease causing bacteria by phagocytes is called as: (c)
a. dialysis
b. hemolysis
c. phagocytosis
d. digestion
64. the process of phagocytosis is performed by: (a)
a. phagocytes
b. antibodies
c. alveoli
d. RBCs
65. the term phagocytosis comes from the greek word “phagein”, it means: (a)
a. eating
b. playing
c. cooling
d. sweet
66. the process of conversion of sugar to alcohol is called as: (b)
a. streaking
b. alcoholic fermentation
c. pasteurization
d. sterilization
67. in alcoholic fermentation, there is an interconversion of: (a)
a. sugar to alcohol
b. milk to tea
c. tea to coffee
d. sugar to honey
68. Pasteur’s study on fermentation continued for almost ___ years: (d)
a. 50
b. 46
c. 2
d. 20
69. The Russian microbiologist Sergei N. Winogradsky made many contributions to
_________________________: (c)
a. pasteurization
b. immunology
c. soil microbiology
d. sterilization techniques
70. The Russian microbiologist ______________ made many contributions to soil microbiology:
a. S.N Winogradsky
b. W.M Stanley
c. Lister
d. Newton
71. Winogradsky studied the: (a)
a. decomposition of cellulose
b. wound healing
c. pasteurization
d. disinfection
72.Winogradsky isolated anaerobic ________________________ soil bacteria: (b)
a. parasitic
b. nitrogen fixing
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
73. Winogradsky discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize _________________________ to
obtain energy: (d)
a. iron
b. sulfur
c. ammonium
d. all of the above
74. Winogradsky discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur and ammonium to obtain
______________: (c)
a. water
b. light
c. energy
d. soil
75. Martinus W.Beijernick made fundamental contributions to ____________________: (b)
a. microbial parasitology
b. microbial ecology
c. microbial pathology
d. none of the above
76. _____________________ made fundamental contributions to microbial ecology: (a)
a. M.W Beijernick
b. Newton
c. Einstein
d. Galileo
77. M.W Beijernick discovered aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria _____________: (a)
a. Azotobacter
b. E.coli
c. Salmonella
d. none of the above
78. _____________ is a root nodule bacterium; (a)
a. Azotobacter
b. E.coli
c. Salmonella
d. none of the above
79. Azotobacter is a _______________________: (d)
a. sulfate reducing bacterium
b. nitrogen fixing bacterium
c. root nodule bacterium
d. all of the above
80. Winogradsky and Beijernick developed the ____________________: (a)
a. enrichment culture technique
b. streaking technique
c. autoclaving
d. PCR
81. Winogradsky and Beijernick developed the use of : (b)
a. PCR
b. selective media
c. autoclaving
d. energy
82. ________________ and Beijernick developed the use of selective media: (c)
a. Stanley
b. Lister
c. Winogridsky
d. Newton
83. Winogridsky and _________________ developed the enrichment culture technique: (a)
a. Beijernick
b. Lister
c. Darwin
d. Brown
84. prokaryotic cells are ________________ than eukaryotic cells: (b)
a. complex
b. simpler
c. complicated
d. all of the above
85. eukaryotic cells are ___________________ than prokaryotic cells: (b)
a. simpler
b. complex
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
86. prokaryotic cells lack a membrane bound ______________; (a)
a. nucleus
b. cytoplasm
c. cell wall
d. none of the above
87. the word “prokaryote” has a greek origin, “pro” stands for: (b)
a. after
b. before
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
88. the word “eukaryote” has a greek origin, “eu” stands for: (a)
a. true
b. false
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
89. the words prokaryote and eukaryote has a greek origin, “karyon” stands for: (c)
a. cell wall
b. cell membrane
c. nucleus
d. cytoplasm
90. eukaryotic cells are usually ________________ than prokaryotic cells: (b)
a. smaller
b. larger
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
91. prokaryotic cells are usually ______________ than eukaryotic cells: (a)
a. smaller
b. larger
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
92. algae and fungi are ____________: (b)
a. prokaryotic
b. eukaryotic
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
93. higher plants and animals are ___________________: (b)
a. prokaryotic
b. eukaryotic
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
94. protozoa are _________________: (b)
a. prokaryotic
b. eukaryotic
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
95 which of the following are eukaryotes? (d)
a. algae
b. fungi
c. animals
d. all of the above
96. which of the following are prokaryotes? (d)
a. algae
b. fungi
c. animals
d. none of the above
97. The early description of organisms as either plants or animals is too _______________: (a)
a. simplified
b. complicated
c. complex
d. none of the above
98. Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae all are a part of __________ kingdom
system: (d)
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
99. Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and _______________ , all are a part of 5
kingdom system: (a)
a. Plantae
b. viruses
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
100. Monera, Protista, Fungi, ____________,and Plantae all are a part of 5 kingdom
system: (b)
a. viruses
b. Animalia
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
101: Monera, Protista, ______________, Animalia, and Plantae all are a part of 5
kingdom system: (a)
a. fungi
b.viruses
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
102: Monera, __________,Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae all are a part of 5 kingdom
system: (b)
a.. viruses
b. protista
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
103: __________, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae all are a part of 5 kingdom
system: (a)
a. monera
b. viruses
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
104. which of the following kingdoms are of interest for the microbiologists? (d)
a. monera
b. protista
c. fungi
d. all of the above
105. kingdom protista was considered to be divided into _______ or more kingdoms:
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. none of the above
106. ____________ and Archae are two quite different groups of prokaryotic organisms: (b)
a. viruses
b.bacteria
c. plants
d. animals
107. bacteria and ____________ are two quite different groups of prokaryotic organism: (d)
a. viruses
b. plants
c. animals
d. archae
108. according to the scientist-writer Steven Jay Gould emphasized, we live in the age of
_____________: (c)
a. dinosaurs
b. mountains
c. bacteria
d. cells
109. ____________________ are more numerous than any other kind of living organism on our
planet: (c)
a. mosquitoes
b. plants
c.bacteria
d. nematodes
110. _______________ probably constitute the largest component of earth’s biomass: (c)
a. mosquitoes
b. plants
c.bacteria
d. nematodes
111. modern microbiology has an impact on the fields of: (d)
a. medicine
b. ecology
c. genetics
d. all of the above
112. In the 1970s new discoveries in microbiology led to the development of recombinant DNA
technology and _________________: (a)
a. genetic engineering
b. Autoclave
c. peptide synthesizer
d. lyophilization
113. In the 1970s new discoveries in microbiology led to the development of
__________________ and genetic engineering: (a)
a. recombinant DNA technology
b. Autoclave
c. peptide synthesizer
d. lyophilization
114. about one third of the nobel prizes given for work in physiology or medicine in the
twentieth century have been awarded to the scientists working on _______________ problems:
(c)
a. social
b. environment
c. microbiological
d. pollution
115. microbiologists focusing on viruses are called: (a)
a. virologist
b. bacteriologist
c. phycologist
d. algologist
116. microbiologists focusing on bacteria are called : (b)
a. virologist
b. bacteriologist
c. phycologist
d. algologist
117. microbiologists working on fungi are called : (c)
a. virologist
b. bacteriologist
c. phycologist
d. algologist
118. microbiologists working on protozoa are called : (d)
a. virologist
b. bacteriologist
c. phycologist
d. protozoologist
119. microbiologists working on algae are called: (d)
a. virologist
b. bacteriologist
c. phycologist
d. algologist
120 _________ microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals: (a)
a. medical
b. taxonomic
c. ecological
d. physiological
121. Medical microbiologists identify the agent causing an ______________ and plan measures
to eliminate it: (b)
a. benefit
b. infectious disease
c. advantage
d. none of the above
122. ______________________ is closely related to medical microbiology: (a)
a. public health microbiology
b. botany
c. zoology
d. astronomy
123. public health microbiology is closely related to ____________________: (a)
a. medical microbiology
b. botany
c. zoology
d. astronomy
124. _______________________ try to control the spread of communicable diseases: (d)
a. psychologists
b. teachers
c. engineers
d. public health microbiologists
125. _______________________ often monitor community food establishments and water
supplies in an attempt to keep them safe and free from infectious disease agents: (d)
a. psychologists
b. teachers
c. engineers
d. public health microbiologists
126. Immunology is concerned with how the immune system protects the body from pathogens
and the response of infectious agents: (c)
a. cardiology
b. microbiology
c. immunology
d. parasitology
127. Immunology is concerned with how the ___________ system protects the body from
pathogens and the response of infectious agents: (c)
a. cardiac
b. nervous
c. immune
d. respiratory
128. immunology also deals with allergies and _________________ diseases: (a)
a. auto-immune diseases
b. cardiac diseases
c. respiratory diseases
d. liver diseases
129. immunology also deals with ________________ and auto-immune diseases: (a)
a. allergies
b. skin burns
c. color blindness
d. autism
130. rheumatoid arthiritis is an ___________________ disease: (c)
a. cardiac
b. respiratory
c. auto-immune
d. none of the above
131. about ____________ of the nobel prizes given for work in physiology or medicine in the
twentieth century have been awarded to the scientists working on microbiological problems: (a)
a. 0ne third
b. one fourth
c. half
d. none of the above
132. _____________________________ is concerned with the impact of microorganisms on
agriculture: (c)
a.public health microbiology
b. ecological microbiology
c. agricultural microbiology
d. medicinal microbiology
133. agricultural microbiology is concerned with the impact of microorganisms on
______________: (c)
a. public health
b. environment
c. agriculture
d. medicine
134. _________________ microbiologists try to combat plant diseases that attack important
food crops: (b)
a. public health
b. agricultural
c. taxonomical
d. none of the above
135. agricultural microbiologists try to: (d)
a. combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
b. work on methods to increase soil fertility
c. work on methods to increase crop yield
d. all of the above
136. The field of microbial _______________ is concerned with the relationships between
microorganisms and their living and nonliving habitats: (a)
a. ecology
b. parasitology
c. pathology
d. none of the above
137. The field of microbial ecology is concerned with the relationships between
______________ and their living and nonliving habitats: (b)
a. cactus
b. microorganisms
c. insects
d. dinosaurs
138. The field of microbial ecology is concerned with the relationships between microorganisms
and their living and nonliving ____________: (c)
a. water
b. habits
c. habitats
d. food
139. Microbial ____________ study the contributions of microorganisms to the carbon, nitrogen,
and sulfur cycles in soil: (a)
a. ecologist
b. physiologist
c. psychologist
d. parasitologist
140. Microbial ecologists study the contributions of ______________ to the carbon, nitrogen,
and sulfur cycles in soil: (b)
a. cactus
b. microorganisms
c. insects
d. dinosaurs
141. Microbial ecologists study the contributions of microorganisms to the ____________,
nitrogen, and sulfur cycles in soil: (d)
a. leaf
b. energy
c. fermentation
d. carbon
142. Microbial ecologists study the contributions of microorganisms to the carbon, __________,
and sulfur cycles in soil: (d)
a. leaf
b. energy
c. fermentation
d. nitrogen
143. Microbial ecologists study the contributions of microorganisms to the carbon, nitrogen and
___________ cycles in soil: (d)
a. leaf
b. energy
c. fermentation
d. sulfur
144. Microbial ecologists are employing microorganisms in ____________ to reduce pollution
effects: (b)
a. bioterrorism
b. bioremediation
c. biomass
d. none of the above
145. Microbial ecologists are employing microorganisms in bioremediation to reduce
___________ effects: (c)
a. beneficial
b. colorful
c. pollution
d. bright
146. Scientists working in ___________________________ microbiology try to prevent
microbial spoilage of food: (a)
a. food and dairy
b. plant and animals
c. bleck and white
d. leaf and shoot
147. Scientists working in food and dairy microbiology try to prevent microbial spoilage of
________: (b)
a. rain water
b. food
c. leaves
d. none of the above
148. In ________________________ microorganisms are used to make products such as
antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, alcohols and other solvents, vitamins, amino acids, and enzymes:
(c)
a. environmental microbiology
b. agricultural microbiology
c. industrial microbiology
d. none of the above
149. In industrial microbiology microorganisms are used to make products such as : (d)
a. antibiotics
b. vaccines
c. vitamins
d. all of the above
150. microbiologists working in microbial _______________________________ study the
synthesis of antibiotics and toxins and microbial energy production: (a)
a. physiology and biochemistry
b. biomass
c. environment
d. none of the above
151. Microbial ____________ and molecular biology focus on the nature of genetic information:
(c)
a. physiology
b. psychology
c. genetics
d. cytology
152. Microbial genetics and ____________________________ focus on the nature of genetic
information: (d)
a. zoology
b. botany
c. bacteriology
d. molecular biology
153. microbial genetics focus on: (d)
a. nature of genetic information
b. how the genetic material regulates the development and function of cells
c. understanding gene function
d. all of the above
154. new ___________ can be inserted into plants and animals by the use of genetic techniques:
(a)
a. genes
b. cytoplasm
c. colors
d. none of the above
155. _____________________ are finding ways to control the spread of already established
infectious diseases: (b)
a. engineers
b. microbiologists
c. architects
d. teachers
156. _________________________________________ render a pathogen impervious to current
medical treatment: (c)
a. PCR
b. injections
c. multiple drug resistence
d. none of the above
157. ____________________ helps us to understand that how pathogen interacts with the host
cells: (a)
a. microbiology
b. botany
c. zoology
d. phtsiology
158. microorganisms can serve as a source of high quality __________: (a)
a. food
b. animals
c. plants
d. none of the above
159. it is estimated that less than _______ of microorganisms have been cultured: (d)
a. 50%
b. 30%
c. 6%
d. 1%
160. __________________________ was the first person to describe microorganism; (c)
a. Einstein
b. Newton
c. Leeuwenhoek
d. Galileo
161. Leeuwenhoek was the first person to describe ________________; (b)
a. humans
b. microorganisms
c. dinosaurs
d. elephants
162. the spontaneous generation of microorganisms was disapproved by: (c)
a. spallanzani
b. Pasteur
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
163. support for the germ theory of disease came from the experiment of : (d)
a. Bassi
b. Pasteur
c. Koch
d. all of the above
164. Lister provided indirect evidence for the germ theory with his development of: (a)
a. antiseptic surgery
b. septic surgery
c. fermentation
d. none of the above
165. _____________________ and molecular Koch’s postulates are used to prove a direct
relationship between a suspected pathogen and a disease: (a)
a. Koch’s postulates
b. Newton’s postulates
c. Einstein’s postulates
d. none of the above
166. . Koch’s postulates and ________________________________ are used to prove a direct
relationship between a suspected pathogen and a disease: (a0
a. molecular Koch’s postulates
b. molecular Newton’s postulates
c. molecular Einstein’s postulates
d. none of the above
167. Koch’s postulates and molecular Koch’s postulates are used to prove a direct relationship
between a suspected ___________ and a disease: (b)
a. disease
b. pathogen
c. insects
d. all of the above
168. Koch developed the techniques required to grow bacteria on ___________ media: (a)
a. solid
b. liquid
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
169. vaccines against ________________ and rabies were made by Pasteur; (b)
a. polio
b. anthrax
c. HIV
d. influenza
170. vaccines against anthrax and _____________ were made by Pasteur: (b)
a. polio
b. rabies
c. HIV
d. influenza
171. vaccines against anthrax and rabies were made by ______________: (a)
a. Pasteur
b. Galileo
c. Newton
d. Einstein
172. Pasteur showed that fermentations were caused by ________________; (c)
a. plants
b. animals
c. microorganisms
d. none of the above
173. _____________________ microorganisms can live in the absence of oxygen: (b)
a. aerobic
b. anaerobic
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
174. The Archaea are so different that many microbiologists divide organisms into __________
domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya; (d)
a. one
b. four
c. five
d. three
175. The Archaea are so different that many microbiologists divide organisms into three
domains: __________, Archaea, and Eucarya. (b)
a. viruses
b. bacteria
c. protists
d. none of the above
176. The Archaea are so different that many microbiologists divide organisms into three
domains: Bacteria, ___________, and Eucarya. (a)
a. Archaea
b. animalia
c. plantae
d. none of the above
177. The Archaea are so different that many microbiologists divide organisms into three
domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and ____________ (c)
a.viruses
b. animalia
c. Eucarya
d. none of the above
178. light microscopes use glass lenses to bend and focus light rays to produce enlarged images
of __________ objects: (b)
a. enlarged
b. small
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
179. light microscopes use glass lenses to bend and focus light rays to produce ___________
images of small objects: (a)
a. enlarged
b. small
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
180. _________ microscopes use glass lenses to bend and focus light rays to produce enlarged
images of small objects: (d)
a. infrared
b. U.V
c. electron
d. light
181. The maximum resolution of light microscope is ________: (b)
a. 0.1 micrometer
b. 0.2 micrometer
c. 0.1 nanometer
d. 0.2 nanometer
182. The most common types of __________ microscopes are the bright-field, darkfield,
phase-contrast, and fluorescence microscopes: (a)
a. light
b. electron
c.both of the above
d. none of the above
183. The most common types of light microscopes are the ____________, darkfield,
phase-contrast, and fluorescence microscopes: (b)
a. glass
b. brightfield
c. star
d. tree
184. The most common types of light microscopes are the bright-field, _____________,
phase-contrast, and fluorescence microscopes: (b)
a. glass
b. darkfield
c. star
d. tree
185. The most common types of light microscopes are the bright-field, darkfield,
______________, and fluorescence microscopes: (b)
a. glass
b. phase-contrast
c. star
d. tree
186. The most common types of light microscopes are the bright-field, darkfield,
phase-contrast, and ________________ microscopes: (b)
a. glass
b. fluorescence
c. star
d. tree
187. most microorganisms are colorless and therefore not easily seen in the bright-field
microscope, they are usually fixed and ________ before observation: (a)
a. stained
b. burnt
c. sterilized
d. none of the above
188. either simple or ______________ staining can be used to enhance the contrast between the
microorganisms: (c)
a. colorful
b.shining
c. differential
d. none of the above
189. either _____________ or differential staining can be used to enhnce the contrast between
the miocroorganisms: (b)
a. colorful
b. simple
c. shining
d. none of the above
190. the electron microscope has a resolution of about: (d)
a. 0.2 micrometer
b. 0.5 micrometer
c. 0.2 nanometer
d. 0.5 nanometer
191. electron microscopes use ______________ of very short wavelengths rather than visible
light: (b)
a. light rays
b. electron beams
c. infrared rays
d. U.V rays
192. _____________________ use electron beams of very short wavelengths rather than visible
light: (a)
a. electron microscope
b. light microscope
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
193. electron microscopes use electron beams of very __________ wavelengths rather than
visible light: (a)
a. short
b. long
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
194. which of the following is an example of new form of microscopy? (c)
a. light microscope
b. compound microscope
c. scanning probe microscope
d. all of the above
195. There are _________ animals living in the scum on the teeth in a man’s mouth than there
are men in a whole kingdom: (a)
a. more
b. less
c. equal
d. none of the above
196. _____________________ is concerned with organisms so small that can not be seen with
an un-aided eye: (c)
a. zoology
b. botany
c. microbiology
d. all of the above
197. when a ray of light passes from one medium to another and the ray is bent at the interface,
this phenomenon is known as: (c)
a. transmission
b. reflection
c. refraction
d. all of the above
198. when a ray of light passes from one medium to another and the ray of light is _______ at
the interface, the phenomenon is known as refraction: (c)
a. transmitted
b. reflected
c. bent
d. all of the above
199. _________________________ is a measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity
of light: (d)
a. reflective index
b. transmission index
c. flow index
d. refractive index
200. the direction and magnitude of bending of light is determined by the __________________:
(d)
a. reflective index
b. transmission index
c. flow index
d. refractive index
201. glass has _____________ refractive index than air: (a)
a. greater
b. lesser
c. equal
d. none of the above
202. air has ______________ refractive index than glass: (b)
a. greater
b. lesser
c. equal
d. none of the above
203. when light passes from air into glass, it is _______________ (a)
a. slows down
b. speeds up
c. no effect
d. all of the above
204. when light passes from air into glass, it, (d)
a. slows down
b. bent towards the normal
c. no efeect
d. both a and b
205. normal is a line ______________ to the surface. (b)
a. parallel
b. perpendicular
c. horizontal
d. none of the above
206. when light passes from glass into air, it _____________: (b)
a. slows down
b. speeds up
c. no effect
d. all of the above
207. when light passes from glass into air, it: (d)
a. speeds up
b. bent away from the normal
c. no effect
d. both a and b
208. a prism ___________________: (a)
a. bends light
b. has no effect on light
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
209. a prism bends light because the refractive index of glass is ____________ from air: (b)
a. same
b. different
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
210. a prism bends light because the _________________ of glass is different from air: (d)
a. reflective index
b. transmission index
c. flow index
d. refractive index
211. our eyes can not focus on objects nearer than _______________;
a. 16cm
b. 10 inches
c. 25cm
d. both b and c
212. lenses act like a collection of _______________ acting as a unit: (c)
a. stars
b. beads
c. prisms
d. plates
213. lenses act like a collection of prisms acting as a ___________: (d)
a. actor
b. actress
c. galaxy
d. unit
214. When the light source is distant so that parallel rays of light strike the lens, a convex lens
will focus these rays at a specific point called as: (b)
a. local point
b. focal point
c. line point
d. all of the above
215. the distance between the center of the lens and the focal point is called as
_______________: (b)
a. local length
b. focal length
c. road length
d. all of the above
216. the distance between the _________________________ and the focal point is called as
focal length: (c)
a. top of the lens
b. back of the lens
c. center of the lens
d. bottom of the lens
217. the distance between the center of the lens and ______________ is called as focal length:
(b)
a. local point
b. focal point
c. line point
d. all of the above
218. convex lens can act as ______________ : (c)
a. microscope
b. magnifier
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
219. __________ lens can act as a magnifier:
a. convex
b. concave
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
220. a magnifying glass provides a clear image at much ___________ range: (b)
a. distant
b. closer
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
221. a magnifying glass makes the object appear ____________: (b)
a. smaller
b. larger
c. same size
d. none of the above
222. lens strength is related to _____________: (d)
a. plates
b. water
c. eyes
d. focal length
223. lens having a longer focal length are _________ lens: (b)
a. stronger
b. weaker
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
224. lens having a shorter focal length are ________ lens: (a)
a. stronger
b. weaker
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
225. ___________ used the criteria proposed by his former teacher, Jacob Henle, to establish the
relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax: (c)
a. Newton
b. Einstein
c. Koch
d. Galileo
226. Koch used the criteria proposed by his former teacher _____________, to establish the
relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax: (d)
a. Robert Brown
b. John Salker
c. Albert Einstein
d. Jacob Henle
227. Koch used the criteria proposed by his former teacher, Jacob Henle, to establish the
relationship between _________________ and anthrax: (c)
a. Streptococcus pnemoniae
b. Staphylococcus aureus
c. Bacillus anthracis
d. none of the above
228. Koch used the criteria proposed by his former teacher, Jacob Henle, to establish the
relationship between Bacillus anthracis and _____________: (d)
a. AIDS
b. influenza
c. polio
d. anthrax
229. _______________ thought that some of the simpler invertebrates could arise by
spontaneous generation: (a)
a. Aristotle
b. newton
c. Darwin
d. Einstein
230. microorganisms are not generated spontaneously but arise from other _______________;
(c)
a. animals
b. plants
c. microorganisms
d. none of the above
231. microorganisms are not generated _______________ but arise from other microorganisms:
(a)
a. spontaneously
b. non-spontaneously
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
232. Louis Pasteur is one of the greatest scientist of _________ century: (c)
a. 16th
b. 17th
c. 19th
d. 21st
233. Lucretius and Fracastoro suggested that disease was caused due to invisible _____________
creatures:
a. living
b. non-living
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
234. ___________ and Fracastoro suggested that disease was caused due to invisible living
creatures: (a)
a. Lucretius
b. Redi
c.Brown
d. Darwin
235: Lucretius and ____________ suggested that disease was caused due to invisible living
creatures: (c)
a. Redi
b. Brown
c. Fracastoro
d. Darwin
236. Leeuwenhoek earned his living as: (c)
a. barber
b. harberdasher
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
237. _________________’s discovery of microorganisms renewed the controversy of
abiogenesis: (a)
a. Leeuwenhoek
b. Lister
c. Brown
d. Darwin
238. Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of _________________ renewed the controversy of abiogenesis:
(c)
a. plants
b. animals
c. microorganisms
d. all of the above
239. during Pasteur’s experiment, no growth occurred in the flasks because the dust and germs
got trapped on the walls of _______________: (b)
a. straight tube
b. curved necks
c. linear tube
d. none of the above
240. during _________’s experiment, no growth occurred in the flasks because the dust and
germs got trapped on the walls of curved necks: (a)
a. Pasteur
b. Lister
c. Darwin
d. Einstein