Cardiovascular
System and Blood
Dr. Michael P. Gillespie
CHAPTER GOALS
Identify terms relating to the composition,
formation, and function of blood.
 Differentiate among the different types of blood
groups.
 Identify terms related to blood clotting.
 Build words and recognize combining forms
used in blood system terminology.

2
CHAPTER GOALS



Describe various pathologic conditions affecting blood.
Describe various laboratory tests and clinical procedures used
with hematologic disorders, and recognize relevant
abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in
their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
3
INTRODUCTION
Blood: Transports foods, gases, and wastes to
and from the cells of the body

Other transported items:
chemical messengers
 blood proteins, white blood cells, and platelets

4
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
cells
 plasma
 water
 proteins





sugar
salts
hormones
vitamins
5
CELL TYPES AND FUNCTION
Erythrocytes: red blood cells transport
nutrients and oxygen
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Thrombocytes: platelets; clot blood
6
CELL TYPES AND FUNCTION
Leukocytes: or white blood cells
basophils: contain heparin (prevents clotting) and
histamine (involved in allergic responses)
eosinophils: phagocytic cells involved in allergic
responses and parasitic infections
neutrophils: phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of
infection
monocytes: phagocytic cells that become macrophage
and digest bacteria and tissue debris
lymphocytes: control the immune response; make
antibodies to antigens
7
STAGES IN BLOOD DEVELOPMENT
(HEMATOPOIESIS)
8
REVIEW: COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
9
PLASMA
Plasma Proteins

albumin

globulins: immunoglobulins
(IgG,IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE)

fibrinogen

prothrombin
10
BLOOD TYPES
Type A: A antigen and anti-B antibody
Type B: B antigen and anti-A antibody
Type AB: A and B antigens and no antibodies
(universal recipient)
Type O: no A or B antigens and both anti-A and
anti-B antibodies (universal donor)
Rh factor (positive and negative)
11
BLOOD CLOTTING
Coagulation: fibrin clot
Anticoagulants: heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)
12
QUICK QUIZ:
1. The blood contains the following to
transport oxygen:
A. white blood cells
B. plasma
C. platelets
D. red blood cells
13
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Blood contains these clotting cells:
A. erythrocytes
B. plasma
C. thrombocytes
D. leukocytes
14
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form
bas/o
 chrom/o
 coagul/o
 cyt/o
 eosin/o
 erythr/o

Meaning
base
color
clotting
cell
red, dawn, rosy
red
15
TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form
granul/o
 hem/o
 hemat/o
 hemoglobin/o
 is/o
 kary/o

Meaning
granules
blood
blood
hemoglobin
same, equal
nucleus
16
COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form
leuk/o
 mon/o
 morph/o
 myel/o
 neutr/o
 nucle/o

Meaning
white
one, single
shape, form
bone marrow
neutral
nucleus
17
TERMINOLOGY
Combining Form
phag/o
 poikil/o
 sider/o
 spher/o
 thromb/o

Meaning
eat, swallow
varied, irregular
iron
globe, round
clot
18
SUFFIXES








-apheresis
-blast
-cyte
-cytosis
-emia
-globin
-globulin
-lytic








-oid
-osis
-penia
-phage
-philia
-phoresis
-poiesis
-stasis
19
DISEASES OF RED BLOOD CELLS
Anemia: Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
Other types of anemia:
 aplastic
anemia
 hemolytic anemia
 pernicious anemia
 sickle cell anemia
 thalassemia
20
TYPES OF ANEMIA
Aplastic anemia: failure of blood cell
production due to aplasia or absence
of cell formation of bone marrow
cells
 Hemolytic anemia: reduction in red
cells due to excessive destruction
 Pernicious anemia: lack of mature
erythrocytes caused by inability to
absorb vitamin B12 into the body

21
TYPES OF ANEMIA (CONT’D)
sickle cell: a hereditary disease characterized by abnormal
shape of erythrocytes and by hemolysis
thalassemia: an inherited defect in the ability to produce
hemoglobin
hemochromatosis: excess iron deposits throughout the body
polycythemia vera: general increase in red blood cells
22
QUICK QUIZ:
3. What is the most common type of
anemia?
A. hemolytic anemia
B. sickle cell anemia
C. iron deficiency anemia
D. aplastic anemia
23
TYPES OF ANEMIA
24
DISORDERS OF BLOOD CLOTTING
hemophilia: Excessive bleeding caused by the
lack of one of the protein substances
necessary for blood clotting
purpura: Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and
accumulation of blood under the skin
25
DISEASES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
leukemia: An increase in cancerous white blood
cells




acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
26
ACUTE LEUKEMIA

Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
27
DISEASES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
granulocytosis: Abnormal increase in
granulocytes in the blood
mononucleosis: An infectious disease
marked by increased numbers of
leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph
nodes
28
DISEASE OF BONE MARROW CELLS
multiple myeloma: Malignant neoplasm of
bone marrow. Malignant cells destroy
bone tissue and cause overproduction of
immunoglobulins.
29
LABORATORY BLOOD TESTS








antiglobulin test
bleeding time
coagulation time
complete blood count (CBC)
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
hematocrit (Hct)
hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HGB)
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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LABORATORY BLOOD TESTS (CONT’D)






platelet count
prothrombin time (PT)
red blood cell count (RBC)
red blood cell morphology
white blood cell count (WBC)
white blood cell differential
31
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
apheresis: Separation of blood into component
parts and removal of a select part from the blood
blood transfusion: Whole blood or cells
taken
from a donor and infused into a patient
bone marrow biopsy: Microscopic examination
of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle
hematopoietic stem cell transplant:
Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor
administered into a recipient’s vein
32
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
bas/o
 chrom/o
 Coagul/o
 cyt/o
 eosin/o
 erythr/o
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

33
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
bas/o
 chrom/o
 coagul/o
 cyt/o
 eosin/o
 erythr/o
base
color
clotting
cell
red, dawn, rosy
red

34
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
granul/o
 hem/o
 hemat/o
 hemoglobin/o
 is/o
 kary/o
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

35
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
granul/o
 hem/o
 hemat/o
 hemoglobin/o
 is/o
 kary/o
granules
blood
blood
hemoglobin
same, equal
nucleus

36
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
leuk/o
 mon/o
 morph/o
 myel/o
 neutr/o
 nucle/o
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________

37
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
leuk/o
 mon/o
 morph/o
 myel/o
 neutr/o
 nucle/o
white
one, single
shape, form
bone marrow
neutral
nucleus

38
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
phag/o
 poikil/o
 sider/o
 spher/o
 thromb/o

Meaning
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
39
REVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
phag/o
 poikil/o
 sider/o
 spher/o
 thromb/o
eat, swallow
varied, irregular
iron
globe, round
clot

40