“Pump work of heart.
Echocardiography”
Cardiac cycle
Systole of
atriums
Діастола
передсердь
Systole
of ventricles
Діастола шлуночків
Cardiac cycle: Systole
1. Period of tension
asynchrony contraction
isometric contraction
(all valves are closed)
 2. Period of ejection
protosphigmic interval (opening of
semilunear valves)
fast ejection
slow ejection

Systole of
ventricles
1. Period of tension
phases of
asynchrony contraction
isometric contraction
(all valves are closed)
Systole of
ventricles
2. Period of ejection
protosphigmic interval
(opening of semilunear
valves
fast ejection
slow ejection)
Cardiac cycle: Diastole
1. Period of relaxation
protodiastolic interval (closing of
semilunear valves)
phase of isometric relaxation
(opening of AV-valves is end of this phase)
 2. Period of filling
phase of rapid filling
phase of slow filling
phase of filling by help of atrium
systole

Diastole of
ventricles
Period of
relaxation:
protodiastolic interval
(closing of semilunear
valves)
phase of
isometric relaxation
(opening of AV-valves is
end of this phase)
Diastole of
ventricles
Period of filling:
phase of rapid filling
phase of slow filling
Diastole of
ventricles:
Period of filling
by help of atrium
systole
The cardiac cycle
Heart sounds. Components
I tone. 1. Valve component (AV valves)
2. Muscle component
3. Vessels component (opening of
semilunear valves)
4. Atrium component
 II tone. 1. Valve component (closing of
semilunear valves)
2. Vessels component

Heart sounds
Phonocardiogram
R
Q S
ECG
T
ІІ tone
І tone
Interval Q-І ton
PhCG
Interval Т-ІІ ton
Echocardiography
is a method of investigation of
structure and mechanical
functioning of the heart which
is base on registration of
reflected ultrasonic signals
Echocardiography
1.
 2.
 3.
 4.

M-measure
D-measure
Doppler
Contrasting
The positions of echolocation in Mmode
1, 2, 3, 4 – position of
echolocation;
D - ultrasonic sensor;
Th - chest D - breast;
RV - right ventricle;
LV - left ventricle;
LA - left atrium,
AV - aortic valve;
FMV - front mitral valve;
PMV - posterior mitral valve.
II position
АО
EDV (end-diastolic volume) = 7,0 (2,4 + EDS) · EDS³, ESV
(end-systolic volume) = 7,0 (2,4 + ESS) · ESS³,
Normally, in adults, EDV is 108-140 ml, and ESV within 38-50 ml.
Stroke volume (SV) of the left ventricle is calculated by the formula:
SV = EDV - ESV.
Normally, in adults, the SV is 70-90 ml.
Minute volume flow (MVF) is defined as the product of SV and
heart rate.
Normally, in adults, MVF is 4,0-6,5 l / min.
Contractile activity of left ventricular ejection fraction
characterizes (EF), defined as follows:
EF = SV : EDV · 100%.
Normally, in adults, EF is 54-64%.
Also indexed rates of left ventricular are set indexed. For this
goal obtained values of indexes should be divided by body surface area
of ​the subject, which can be calculated by the formula of Du Bois. Enddiastolic (EDI), end-systolic (ESI) indices are calculated by the following
formulas:
EDI = EDV: P
ESI = ESV: P
where the EDI - end-diastolic index, EDV - end-diastolic volume, ESI end-diastolic index, ESV - end-sistolic volume, P - body surface area.

Thank you!