Focus Guide – Human Growth & Development – TEST 1
1. List and describe 3 reoccurring issues (or debates) of human growth.
2. List and describe 4 forces in development according to the biopsychosocial
framework.
3. What is a theory? How is a theory used?
4. Differentiate between two types of systematic observation.
5. Compare and contrast reliability and validity.
6. Compare and contrast populations and samples.
7. Describe a correlation. What does the number describe? What are the limits?
8. List and describe 3 designs for studying development.
9. What is a meta-analysis and its benefits?
10.Compare and contrast monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
11.List and describe 3 stages of prenatal development. Include key moments and
features for each stage.
12.What are teratogens? How do they impact prenatal development? List several
common teratogens.
13.List and describe 3 types of fetal medicine.
14.List and describe the major characteristics of the 3 stages of labor.
15.Define and give an example of a reflex.
16.Describe the rooting and sucking reflexes. Include the purpose for the reflex.
17.Describe the APGAR and NBAS scales.
18.List 4 states an infant experiences.
19.List several factors that are correlated with SIDS. How does this information help
us predict or possibly prevent SIDS?
20.Compare growth rates at a variety of ages.
21.Describe several ways we can instill proper nutritional habits from infancy
through childhood.
22.Describe the structure of neurons and how they communicate.
23.Define and describe differentiation for both cells and skills.
24.Compare and contrast sensation and perception.
25.How do we study visual acuity, color vision and depth perception?
26.Define “scheme” according to Piaget.
27.Differentiate between assimilation and accommodation.
28.According to Piaget can a stage be skipped or experienced out of order?
29.Describe…
a. Sensorimotor thinking
b. Object permanence
c. Symbols
d. Preoperational thinking
e. Egocentrism
f. Appearance as reality
30.Differentiate between mental hardware and mental software.
31.What type of input results in an orienting response?
32.Describe Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding.
33.What is the function of private speech?
34.Differentiate between cooing and babbling.
35.Describe and give examples of the following fast mapping concepts …
a. Joint attention
b. Constraints on word names
c. Underextension
d. Overextension
36.Describe and give examples of the following sentence skills …
a. Telegraphic speech
b. Grammatical morphemes
c. Overregulation
37.List and describe the first 3 stages of Erikson’s Theory of Development. What are
some common characteristics of a child in each stage? How would a parent go
about securing the best outcome for each stage?
38.List and describe four stages of forming attachments.
39.List and describe four types of attachment. Which type predicts better
relationships later in life? What can a parent do to promote secure attachment?
40.Regarding daycare, what is more important to promoting secure attachment;
quality daycare or sensitive parenting?
41.List three elements of basic emotions.
42.Define and give examples of social referencing.
43.List and describe 3 levels of play. Give an example of each.
Focus Guide Practice Questions T1 (1-5)
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. There are three fundamental characteristics of human development, according to your authors. Which of
the following is NOT one of them?
a. nature and nurture
b. external and internal
c. continuity and discontinuity
d. universal and context-specific development
____
2. Iggy wakes up one day and suddenly decides, “I am tired of being the nice guy that everyone pushes
around. Starting today, I am going to be more assertive and less accommodating of other people’s needs.
And if others don’t like it, I’m not going to care about that anymore.” Iggy’s belief that he can rapidly
change a basic part of his own character demonstrates a belief in
a. continuity.
b. stability.
c. discontinuity.
d. context-specific development.
____
3. The notion that development is best described in terms of a series of abrupt shifts in behavior BEST fits
with the _____ approach.
a. nature
b. nurture
c. continuity
d. discontinuity
____
4. The biopsychosocial framework organizes the contributions of many different forces in human
development. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
a. biological forces
b. spiritual forces
c. sociocultural forces
d. psychological forces
____
5. Why are theories such an important part of the understanding of human development?
a. They provide the “whys” for development.
b. They give definitive proof of relationships between various developmental factors.
c. They allow us to understand the similarity between the developmental paths of
human beings and higher animals, such as chimpanzees.
d. They are scientifically irrefutable.
____
6. A _________ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development.
a. theory
b. prediction
c. correlation coefficient
d. structured observation
____
7. Which of the following methods of collecting research data has the benefit of being easy to administer to
large groups of participants?
a. self-reports
b. structured observations
c. naturalistic observations
d. correlational experiments
____
8. Sally steps on her bathroom scale, and it tells her that she weighs 145 pounds. When she steps on it
again after her shower, she gets the same result. In fact, it has told her that her weight is stable at 145
pounds for several days now. Which of the following qualities is demonstrated by this very consistent
scale?
a. standardization
b. validity
c. reliability
d. normalization
____
9. Sally steps on her bathroom scale, and it tells her that she weighs 145 pounds. When she steps on it
again after her shower, she gets the same result. In fact, it has told her that her weight is stable at 145
pounds for several days now. This is very distressing to Sally, because she actually only weighs around
127 pounds. Which of the following could be said about Sally’s scale?
a. It is unreliable.
b. It is invalid.
c. It lacks standardization.
d. It has not been properly normed.
____ 10. The statistic that is used to depict the relationship between to variables that has been uncovered in a
correlational study is called the correlational ________.
a. multiplicand
b. deviation
c. permutation
d. coefficient
____ 11. Which of the following ranges represent the possible values of a correlation between two variables?
a. -1.00 to +1.00
b. -1.00 to 0
c. 0 to +1.00
d. -100 to 100
____ 12. Steve wants to know what the correlation is between the number of treats he gives his dog, Blue, and the
speed at which she will follow his instructions to sit down. He finds that the more treats he gives Blue,
the faster she sits down on command. Which of the following options describes the correlation that
could describe this relationship?
a. 0.00
b. 0.82
c. -.73
d. +1.92
____ 13. When Chester is conceived by his parents, he has the genetic instructions to grow up to be 6’1’’ tall.
During his childhood, however, he develops a digestive illness that significantly limits the amount of
food he can eat, and he regularly fails to get enough vitamins in his diet. As a result, he grows up to be
5’11’’ tall. In this example, a height of 6’1’’ is Chester’s ________ and a height of 5’11’’ is Chester’s
________.
a. phenotype; genotype
b. chromotype; nucleotype
c. nucleotype; chromotype
d. genotype; phenotype
____ 14. David and Katie have always been close. In fact, they are so close that they shared the womb when their
mother was pregnant with them. Given the information that you have already been given in this
question, which of the following can you state conclusively?
a. David and Katie are monozygotic twins.
b. David and Katie are conjoined twins.
c. David and Katie are dizygotic twins.
d. David and Katie share 25% of their genotype.
____ 15. Monozygotic is to ________ as dizygotic is to ________.
a. heterozygous; homozygous
b. identical; fraternal
c. homozygous; heterozygous
d. fraternal; identical
____ 16. Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of pregnancy?
a. period of the embryo, period of the fetus, period of the zygote
b. period of the zygote, period of the embryo, period of the fetus
c. period of the fetus, period of the zygote, period of the embryo
d. period of the embryo, period of the zygote, period of the fetus
____ 17. Which of the following is NOT one of the general risk factors identified by your textbook for pregnant
women and their babies?
a. nutrition
b. the mother’s age
c. drugs
d. stress
____ 18. Any agent that interferes with normal prenatal development is a(n) ________.
a. fetalytic
b. teratogen
c. ototoxin
d. carcinogen
____ 19. Felicia is at the end of her pregnancy, and she is now in labor. She has been having contractions for
about 18 hours, and her cervix is slowly dilating to approximately 10 centimeters. Which stage of labor
is Felicia currently in?
a. Stage one
b. Stage two
c. Stage three
d. Stage four
____ 20. Roz is in the process of giving birth to her daughter. The baby has made its way from the uterus into the
vagina, and is currently being expelled from Roz’s body as Roz contracts her abdominal muscles. In
which stage of labor is Roz?
a. Stage one
b. Stage two
c. Stage three
d. Stage four
____ 21. Which of the stages of labor is the briefest, and involves only a few “pushes” to expel the placenta?
a. Stage nine
b. Stage seven
c. Stage five
d. Stage three
____ 22. A(n) ________ refers to an unlearned response that is triggered by a specific stimulation.
a. reflex
b. reaction
c. unconditioned association
d. action
____ 23. In order to assess the physical health of a newborn baby, an obstetrician would assign ratings according
to the ________ scale. If the baby receives a score of 7 or higher, (s)he is considered to be in good
physical condition.
a. Brazelton
b. Vineland
c. Apgar
d. Wechsler
____ 24. Two-month-old Sheldon is sitting in his mother’s arms. He is quietly looking around, and appears to be
simply ‘absorbing’ his environment. He is attentive to sounds around him, and is very calm. Sheldon’s
current state would be described as
a. sleeping.
b. crying.
c. waking activity.
d. alert inactivity.
____ 25. The newborn state of ________ is defined as a period where the baby’s eyes are open but they seem
unfocused, and its arms and legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motions.
a. waking activity
b. alert inactivity
c. crying
d. sleeping
____ 26. Your textbook discusses three different types of cries that a baby can produce. Which of the following is
not one of them?
a. the basic cry
b. the mad cry
c. the hunger cry
d. the pain cry
____ 27. If you were going to design a public service announcement (PSA) to run on television with the goal of
reducing the incidence of SIDS, which of the following might be the motto of your piece?
a. Back to Sleep!
b. Sidestep SIDS!
c. Front and Center!
d. No Diaper, No Problem!
____ 28. When young Melvin’s mother hands him to a friend of hers, he looks up, smiles, and offers no real
objection to being held by a stranger. Melvin’s mother often brags that, “he is such a good, easy baby.”
According to your textbook, Melvin’s mother is making an observation about his ________.
a. personality
b. temperament
c. reflexes
d. adjustment
____ 29. Which of the following represents the correct path a neural impulse travels from start to finish of a
neuron?
a. dendrite, cell body, axon, terminal button
b. terminal button, axon, cell body, dendrite
c. cell body, terminal button, dendrite, axon
d. axon, dendrite, cell body, terminal button
____ 30. The wrinkled surface of the brain, made up of about 10 billion neurons, is called the
a. cerebral cortex.
b. arachnoid meninx.
c. hypothalamus.
d. cerebellum universalis.
____ 31. ________ are psychological structures that organize information and regulate behaviors.
a. Assimilations
b. Accommodations
c. Scripts
d. Schemes
____ 32. Millie is only 14 months of age, but has already started using some basic word like “mama,” “dada,” and
“kitty.” When her parents take her to the zoo, she points to the goats who are being fed by other
children, and yells, “KITTY!” The fact that she is lumping a new animal into her existing schema of a
kitty demonstrates
a. irreversibility.
b. assimilation.
c. accommodation.
d. egocentrism.
____ 33. Within Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, children demonstrate ________ when they adjust their
existing cognitive schemes around new information or experiences that are inconsistent with those
schemes.
a. assimilation
b. reversing
c. accommodation
d. egocentrism
____ 34. The correct order of the four stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget, are
a. sensorimotor period, formal operational period, preoperational period, concrete
operational period.
b. sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operational period, formal
operational period.
c. preoperational period, sensorimotor period, formal operational period, concrete
operational period.
d. formal operational period, concrete operational period, preoperational period,
sensorimotor period.
____ 35. The approximate ages of Piaget’s sensorimotor period of cognitive development is
a. birth to 2 years.
b. 2 years to 7 years.
c. 7 years to 11 years.
d. 11 years through adulthood.
____ 36. While sitting with her parents in a restaurant waiting for service, four-year-old Elana watches as the
waitress walks by without taking their order. “Mommy,” she whines to her mother, “why isn’t she
talking to us when I’m so hungry?” Elana’s belief that the waitress must know how hungry she is
demonstrates the Piagetian concept of
a. equilibration.
b. egocentrism.
c. centration.
d. object permanence.
____ 37. Isaac and Larry, two young brothers, are sitting at the breakfast table when their father gives them both a
glass of chocolate milk. Isaac’s glass is taller but thinner than Larry’s glass, which is shorter but wider.
Larry gets upset and complains that “Isaac got more milk!” The fact that Larry is only focusing on one
feature of his milk glass demonstrates the Piagetian concept of
a. accommodation.
b. egocentrism.
c. reversion.
d. centration.
____ 38. In the information processing model, mental ________ refers to mental and neural structures that are
built in and that allow the mind to operate, while mental ________ refers to mental programs that are the
basis for performing particular tasks.
a. software; hardware
b. hardware; software
c. RAM; REM
d. REM; RAM
____ 39. Russian psychologist ________ proposed the idea that development in childhood is an apprenticeship in
which children advance when they collaborate with more-skilled others.
a. Alexander Zaporozhets
b. Aleksey Leontyev
c. Ivan Pavlov
d. Lev Vygotsky
____ 40. In Vygotsky’s theory, the difference between what a child can do on his or her own and what they can
do only with assistance is called the
a. zone of proximal development.
b. scaffolded skill set.
c. continuum of concrete operations.
d. opposing skills set.
____ 41. Which of the following represents the correct order in which speech skills develop in babies?
a. crying, babbling, cooing
b. cooing, babbling, crying
c. babbling, crying, cooing
d. crying, cooing, babbling
____ 42. When a child’s connections between words and referents are made so rapidly that he or she cannot
consider all possible meanings of the word, that child is experiencing ________.
a. phonemic regulation
b. overextension
c. fast mapping
d. underextension
____ 43. If a child believes that the name “cat” refers only to her own family’s cat and to no other cats, she is a
victim of
a. overextension.
b. fast mapping.
c. underextension.
d. overregulation.
____ 44. ________ style is to the primary use of objects, persons, or actions as ________ style is to the use of
names as well as social phrases.
a. Expressive; referential
b. Phonemic; morphemic
c. Referential; expressive
d. Dynamic; static
____ 45. Which is the BEST example of overregularization?
a. Saying “horse” instead of “hose”
b. Saying “houses” instead of “homes”
c. Saying “flunked” instead of “failed”
d. Saying “runned” instead of “ran”
____ 46. Which of the following represents the correct order of the first three stages of psychosocial
development?
a. basic trust vs. mistrust, initiative vs. guilt, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt, basic trust vs. mistrust, initiative vs. guilt
c. initiative vs. guilt, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, basic trust vs. mistrust
d. basic trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt
____ 47. Bowlby described four phases in the growth of attachment. They are, in correct order:
a. preattachment, attachment in the making, true attachment, and reciprocal
relationships.
b. reciprocal relationships, attachment in the making, preattachment, and true
attachment.
c. preattachment, attachment in the making, reciprocal relationships, and true
attachment.
d. preattachment, attachment in the making, reciprocal relationships, attachment in
the making, and true attachment.
____ 48. Basic emotions include all but which of the following?
a. surprise
b. apathy
c. distress
d. disgust
____ 49. What is often the first indication that a child has developed the ability to experience the emotion of fear?
a. stranger wariness
b. separation anxiety
c. egocentric dystonia
d. generalized apprehension
____ 50. Which of the following is NOT a complex emotion?
a. pride
b. guilt
c. embarrassment
d. surprise
____ 51. When children play alone but remain aware of and interested in what another child is doing, they are
engaging in ________ play.
a. collaborative
b. imitative
c. onlooker
d. parallel
____ 52. Nell and Delia have gotten together for a “Mommy Meet,” during which they have coffee and chat at
their homes. Today they both have their 18-month-old sons, Steve and Nash. While the ladies sip and
chat, Steve and Nash crawl around on the floor pushing toy trucks and making “vroooom” sounds.
Every now and then, they switch trucks with each other. Steve and Nash are engaged in ________ play.
a. cooperative
b. simple social
c. parallel
d. conjunctive
____ 53. The one word that best distinguishes cooperative play from parallel play is:
a. observation
b. imagination
c. together
d. cooperation
Focus Guide Practice Questions T1 (1-5)
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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