Anatomy & Physiology 2
Study of the Body’s Systems
Are you in the right class? 
Anatomy and Physiology 2
Tues 9:00 am – 1:00 pm
Cailin Lawler, LMT
860-508-3336
balancemt@hotmail.com
www.BalanceMassageCT.com
Facebook: Balance Massage CT
Logistics
• Come prepared to class
– Memmler’s
– Course Manual
– Completed week’s
reading
– Completed week’s
feedback sheet
• BE ON TIME!!
• BE ON TIME!!
(yes, it’s listed twice)
• Follow dress code
– WEAR YOUR SHIRTS
• No food/drink in
classroom
• NO CELL PHONES!!!!!
– Trust me, no cell phones
It is HIGHLY recommended that you do NOT miss a class,
but if you MUST….
• You MUST contact me. By text, by voice mail, by phone, by smoke
signal, by carrier pigeon, by Morse Code, by whatever means
necessary.
• Best alternative is sitting in with another section. Coordinate with
Nancy in Student Services.
•Get the notes and handouts that you missed. Do this ASAP.
DO NOT wait until it gets closer to the exam.
Speaking of Exams….
• This class has 3
exams, structured
mostly as multiple
choice, T/F,
matching, and some
short answer.
• Dates:_2/12, 3/12,
4/9___________
Class 1
Homeostasis
Body Cavities and Membranes
Introduction to the Nervous System
and……
what the “heck” do we need to know the systems of the
body for?!
Knowing human anatomy will help you understand
how the body reacts to the massage you will
administer to your client.
It will help you prepare for Pathology class, which will allow you to
alter your massage to accommodate your client’s special needs
and maximize the benefits of massage.
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is one of the
fundamental characteristics of
living things.
• Maintenance of the internal
environment so as to maintain a
stable, constant condition.
Homeostasis
• The Body is all about
balance.
• In balance = runs perfectly.
• Out of balance = Dis-ease.
• Bodies are constantly fine
tuning , releasing and
inhibiting things, all to
keep balance with the
internal environment.
The main process that our bodies use to achieve this is
something that’s called:
Negative Feedback
• A feedback in which the system responds in an
opposite direction of the current biological
reaction.
• It is a self-regulatory system where the goal is
to re-establish equilibrium, or homeostasis
within the system.
Example of Negative Feedback
Body Temperature Regulation
Negative Feedback
Ex) Blood Sugar Levels
Positive Feedback
• A feedback in which the system responds in the same
direction of the current biological reaction.
• It is a self-regulatory system where the goal is to
amplify the reaction to create a bigger change.
• Ex) Blood Clot, Uterine Contractions, Allergic Reactions,
Lactation
Example of Positive Feedback
Uterine Contractions
Body Cavities
Thoracic Cavity Membranes
Pleural membranes
Pericardial membranes
Peritoneal Membranes
The Communication System
Endocrine System
Nervous system
(hormones)
Central Nervous System
(Brain & Spinal Cord)
Sensory/Afferent Division
Peripheral Nervous System
(Spinal & Cranial Nerves)
Motor/Efferent Division
(Impulses from receptors to CNS)
(Impulses from CNS toward effector organ)
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
(Voluntary, skeletal muscles)
Sympathetic Division
(fight & flight)
(Involuntary, glands/cardiac muscle/smooth muscle)
Parasympathetic Division
(rest & digest)
Cells of the Nervous System
The
Neuron
Neuroglial Cells
Formation of a Myelin Sheath
(A) Schwann cells wrap
around the axon,
creating a myelin
coating.
(B) The outermost layer of
the Schwann cell forms
the neurilemma.
Space between each
myelin sheath is the
nodes (of Ranvier).
General Functions of the
Nervous System
•Receiving the information
(sensory/afferent)
•Coordinating the
information (Integrate)
•Respond to information
(motor/efferent)
1. Sensory Receptors hear
phone ring
2. Sensory neurons transmit
impulse toward spinal
cord & brain
3. Interneurons process
information
4. Brain interprets sound
5. Motor neurons transmit
impulse to effector organ
6. Arm/hand picks up
ringing phone
Neuron Impulses
Resting Membrane Potential
Notes:
•The sodium pump, during
RMP, pumps sodium out
and pulls potassium in.
Na+
•Potassium can flow back
and forth, but sodium is
too big to diffuse back
inside.
Na+
Na+
•Large negative ions
(usually proteins) are too
large to diffuse, so the
overall charge is negative
inside (-70mv); this is called
polarized.
Na+
K+
Na+
Na+
K+
K+
Na+
K+
Na+
Outside the Cell
--
Na+
--
K+
--
K+
--
K+
--
K+
Na+
K+
K+
--
--
--
Inside the Cell
Notes:
K+
Depolarization
Notes:
•When another neuron
stimulates this neuron
enough to bring it’s charge
from -70mv to -40mv, it
reaches it’s Threshold
Potential.
Na+
K+
K+
K+
•This swings the overall
inside charge from negative
to positive (+30mv).
K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
K+
--
K+
--
K+
Na+
K+
--
Na+
K+
--
Na+
--
Inside the Cell
Notes:
K+
--
Na+
K+
Outside the Cell
--
•At that time, the sodium
gates open up, allowing
sodium to rush IN
(remember SIN).
--
Notes:
Repolarization
•When the neuron’s charge reaches
+30mv, the sodium gates swing
closed and the potassium gates
swing open.
•This causes the potassium ions to
rush out (remember POUT).
K+
--
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
Na+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
Na+
K+
--
-Na+
-K+
--
-Na+
Na+
Na+
Inside the Cell
Na+
--
Outside the Cell
--
Na+
Notes:
Na+
K+
•This brings the overall charge of
the neuron more negative (just
below -70mv).
•The time directly after these
events (Action Potential) is called
the Refractory Period and the
neuron can not be stimulated again
until the sodium pump gets the
charge back to -70mv.
K+
+30mv
Action Potential =
1/1000 sec
0mv
-40mv
Refractory Period
Threshold Potential
-70mv
Resting Membrane
Potential (Polarized)
Resting Membrane
Potential (Polarized)
Ready to accept another
stimulation
Neural Synapse
Junction between two neurons
Synapse
Convergence
“from many to one”
Divergence
“from one to many”
Allows nervous
system to
collect a variety
of information,
process it, and
respond to it in
a special way.
Amplifies Impulse
Ex) creating a stronger muscle
contraction
Neurotransmitters
Just a few….
Acetylcholine - voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles (via the sympathetic pathways)
and movement of the viscera (via the parasympathetic pathways) EXCITATORY & INHIBITORY
Norepinephrine - wakefulness or arousal - via the sympathetic pathways EXCITATORY
Epinephrine - similar to nor-epinephrine. Large amounts of it are produced and are released
by the adrenal glands. Also called adrenaline. EXCITATORY
Dopamine - voluntary movement and motivation, "wanting", pleasure, associated with
addiction and love EXCITATORY
Serotonin - memory, emotion, wakefulness, sleep and temperature regulation EXCITATORY
Glutamate - the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
EXCITATORY
GABA - the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
INHIBITORY
Glycine - spinal reflexes and motor behavour INHIBITORY
Thank goodness!!!