4/10/14

• What sides fought in the Crusades? What was the goal?

• Were the Crusades primarily a religious conflict?
• Paper assignment—due in two Mondays.

• Pope Urban II declares the Crusades in 1095 at the Council of Clermont…Crusades begin in
1096.
– Urban II wants to retake the city in a second.
• The Crusades last from 1096-1291.
• But…is this really the first Crusade? Is this really when the Crusades end?
– 1096-1291 are the series of Crusades launched by
Western Europe to retake Jerusalem.

• Reconquista: 718-1492
• Northern Crusades: 1193-1290
• Albigensian Crusade: 1209-1229
• Aragonese Crusade: 1284-1285

• Iberian Peninsula (Spain/Portugal)
• Attempt to retake Iberian Peninsula after
Muslim invasion (Moors)
• Potential spark for other Crusades—Christian reconquest?
• Mostly finished by 1300, but the fall of
Granada (1492) in the far south is the official end.

• Scandinavian & German kings attack pagans
(non-Abrahamic people).
• “Brothers of the Sword” aid conversion of pagans to Christianity, but also protect
German trade.
• Some efforts of Northern Crusade spilled over into attacks on Orthodox Russia

• 20-year war by Catholic Church to destroy
Catharism.
• Catharism was a group of Christians in southern France who were led by local ascetics. It challenged the Catholic Church— they called it “the Church of Satan.”
• Albigensian Crusade ends with the Cathars surrendering and child-king Louis IX (a later
Crusader) taking control of France.

• Part of the War of the Sicilian
Vespers
• A war between two sides (Aragon and Angevin) to decide who was king of Sicily
• Fought in northeastern Spain--
Catalonia
• The Pope was against the King of
Aragon, but the two-year Crusade ended with an Aragonese victory.

• First Crusade (1095-1099)
• Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Third Crusade (1187-1192)
• Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
• Fifth Crusade (1217-1221)
• Sixth Crusade (1228-1229)
• Seventh Crusade (1248-1254)
• Eighth & Ninth Crusades
(1270-1272)

• Trying to retake land in the Levant lost to the
Muslims in the 600s (pre-Umayyad)
• Now fighting the Seljuq Turks
• Reconquered Jerusalem in 1099
• ONLY Crusade to reconquer Jerusalem
• Jerusalem had been under Muslim control for
400+ years…defensive or aggressive?
• Muslims and Jews slaughtered

• After the First Crusade, many “Crusader states” were established as footholds in the
Levant.
• One Crusader state fell and the Christians attempt to retake it.
• They are destroyed by the Muslims, eventually leading to the Muslim recapture of Jerusalem
(and then the Third Crusade).

• Muslim leader Saladin reconquered lots of parts of the Levant.
• England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire band together.
• The Holy Roman Emperor was old and drowned.
• Richard the Lionheart leads the Crusade.
• Reconquer lots of land, but do not take
Jerusalem (moderate success).

• An attempt to retake Jerusalem after the Third
Crusade didn’t.
• Crusaders invade Constantinople (a Christian city) and sack it.
• Final major Crusade.
• Ends any hope of reunification between
Catholic and Orthodox branches after Great
Schism.

• Attempt to invade the Holy Land through
Egypt.
• Crushing defeat for Crusaders.

• Army does not turn out to be very large.
• Not even supported by the Pope.
• The Holy Roman Emperor at the time pretended the army was larger than it was and negotiated to get Jerusalem back—didn’t take it by force.

• Jerusalem falls after the weird Sixth Crusade.
• Louis IX of France begins a Crusade!!1!
• Three groups fighting: Christians (French forces under Louis), Muslims (Ayyubid
Dynasty), and Mamluks (Muslim soldiers who were previously slaves).
• Mamluks overthrow Ayyubids in 1250—the middle of the Crusade.
• Louis IX gets captured…epic fail.

• Launched by Louis IX to avenge himself. He dies.
• Louis’ dying word? Jerusalem.
• The next leader gives up and makes a deal with the Mamluk leader Baibars that they’ll give up if they can trade together! They leave.
• After the French leave, the English king arrives and wins a few battles. However, he withdraws and the Crusader states fall a few years later.
• THE END
(until the 15 th century, when there were some pseudo-
Crusades, but you know…)

• Go through your notes from yesterday/today and fill out the chart—this will help you prepare to write your paper.

• Sketch a map of Europe, including Anatolia, the Levant, and Egypt.
• At least label Italy, Spain, France, England,
Holy Roman Empire, and Jerusalem.
• Draw arrows showing each of the Crusades
(including non-Levant ones, 13 total) and put years on them.
• Label “The Crusades” at the top.

• Brainstorm the impact of the Crusades on the world (religious, political, economic, social, etc.)

• “Europe Overseas”
• Opened up trade
• Pope reinforces position
• Medieval heroism, chivalry, and piety
• Militarism
• Hatred of Jews/Muslims
• Ended hope of Catholic/Orthodox reunification
• Byzantine Empire weakened

• Formatting
• Structure & transitions
• Progress logically to answer the question
• Information*
• “I” and “me”
• “I have written this” vs. “I wrote this”
• Independent and dependent clauses
*APA-style citations