APUS History – Chapters 25
The Wave
• True Story!
– 1967 California Middle
School Social Studies
– Experiment was
terminated after 4 days
because the teacher felt
it was spinning out of
control
• 1981 Movie
• 2008 German Movie
New Deal Essay
•
Before you submit:
1. Underline your thesis statement
2. Place an * next to your evidence in
paragraphs 2, 3, 4 that supports your thesis.
3. Place a $ next to any outside information
within your essay.
A People’s War?
• On a separate sheet of paper, answer the
following:
– According to Zinn, why was WWII not a
people’s war? (one paragraph)
• Provide at least three examples (one paragraph)
10 Steps to WWII
1.The Versailles Treaty
2.The Ineffectiveness of the
League of Nations
 No control of major conflicts.
 No progress in disarmament.
 No effective military force.
3.The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory
German soldiers are dissatisfied.
4.The Great Depression
5.The Manchurian Crisis,
1931
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
6. Italy Attacks Ethiopia,
1935
Emperor
Haile
Selassie
7. Germany Invades the
Rhineland
March 7, 1936
8.The Spanish Civil War:
1936 - 1939
The
National
Front
The
Popular
Front
[Nationalists]
[Republicans]
The Spanish Civil War:
A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?
Italian troops in
Madrid
9.The Japanese Invasion
of China, 1937
10.The “Problem” of the
Sudetenland
Appeasement: The Munich
Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr
Hitler is a man we can do business with.
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of
the Third Reich: 1939
Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939
The “Pact of Steel”
The Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers
von Ribbentrop & Molotov
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
German Troops March into Warsaw
3 Things to Remember….
1. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact: Both
countries agreed not to fight each other
and to split Poland
2. Germany attacks Poland: Start of WWII
because Britain & France declare war on
Germany
3. Blitzkrieg: Lightening War – multiple
attacks by air and land to produce a
highly mobile fast moving army
The “Phoney War” Ends:
Spring, 1940
Dunkirk Evacuated
June 4, 1940
France Surrenders
June, 1940
A Divided France
Henri Petain
The French Resistance
The Free French
The Maquis
General Charles
DeGaulle
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:
The Tripartite Pact
September, 1940
Now Britain Is All Alone!
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain:
The “Blitz”
The London “Tube”:
Air Raid Shelters during the Blitz
The Royal Air Force
British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill
The Atlantic Charter
Roosevelt and
Churchill sign
treaty of
friendship in
August 1941.
Calls for League of
Nations type
organization after
the end of WWII.
Lend-Lease
More Things to Remember:
1. Germany takes over most of Europe
leaving Britain to fight alone
2. Britain survives the Battle of Britain and
avoids invasion because its air force
successfully fights off the Germans
3. Lend Lease Act – allows the US to lend
or lease military goods to any country
considered vital to the defense of the US
Operation Barbarossa:
Hitler’s Biggest Mistake
Operation Barbarossa:
June 22, 1941
 3,000,000 German soldiers.
 3,400 tanks.
Battle of Stalingrad:
Winter of 1942-1943
German Army
Russian Army
1,011,500 men
1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks
894 tanks
1,216 planes
1,115 planes
What about the United
States?
US Reasons for Isolation
• Memories of WWI
• Relationship / relatives on both sides
• Economic issues
Three Stages of US Involvement
• Stage 1 – Isolationism
• Stage 2 – Assistance
– Lend Lease Act
• Supplies, Cash to allies
• Stage 3 - Involvement
U. S. Neutrality Acts:
1934, 1935, 1937, 1939
America-First Committee
Charles Lindbergh
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,
1941
Great Britain.........................$31 billion
Soviet Union...........................$11 billion
France......................................$ 3 billion
China.......................................$1.5 billion
Other European.................$500 million
South America...................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
Pearl Harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit
of a Japanese Pilot
Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
President Roosevelt Signs the
US Declaration of War
USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!
Why?
• Japan wanted to conquer East Asian
nations to secure raw materials
• Japan wanted to control East Asia
• US supplied aid to China (Japan’s enemy)
• US froze Japanese assets in American
banks
• US blocked the export of vital resources
(including oil) to Japan
Impacts of Pearl Harbor
1. US Naval power in the Pacific greatly
weakened – creates the opportunity for
Japan to conquer significant territories
2. Mobilizes Americans for WAR!
1. Industry, Armed Services Volunteers, Draft,
Financial Support
3. Greatly expands anti-Japanese attitudes
1. Fear of additional attacks
2. Fear of espionage
Japanese Internment Camps
• During the winter of 1942, in the first months of
America’s war with Japan, the United States
government ordered tens of thousands of people
of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them
American citizens, to report to assembly centers
throughout the West for transfer to internment
camps.
• Approximately 120,000 people
• Hundreds of millions in personal property lost
Why?
Why?
Japanese Internment Camps
Population and Location
Relocation Camp
Horse Stalls for Homes
America on the Home Front
The “Big Three”
Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin
European Theatre
• Why did the Allies focus on Europe 1st?
– Allies needed to invade Europe to regain lost
territory
– Russia wanted Allied invasion as soon as
possible to reduce German pressure on Russian
troops
D-Day
June 6, 1944
 The invasion would begin
on the beaches of
Normandy, France.
 The largest amphibious
force in the history of
warfare.
 Considered by some to
be the greatest military
achievement of the 20th
century.
Preparation
 9 battleships
 23 Cruisers
 104 destroyers
 71 U-boats
 150,000 troops set to cross
the English Channel in the
invasion of Hitler’s fortress of
Europe – 1st Wave
 500,000 first 24 hours
Germans Anticipated
attack in 1944
D-Day Leaders
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
 The success of the invasion was far from a certainty
in Eisenhower's mind.
 In advance, he wrote a short speech for the
potentially catastrophic failure.
D-Day Leaders
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Our landings have failed and I
have withdrawn the troops. My
decision to attack at this time and
place was based on the best
information available. The troops,
the air and the navy did all that
bravery could do. If any blame or
fault attaches to the attempt it is
mine alone.
"to preserve … our civilization
and to set free a suffering
humanity."
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
“The whole of the South Coast of
England is a bastion of defense
against the invasion of Hitler; you've
got to turn it into the springboard
for our attack."
- Winston Churchill
“I have full confidence in your
courage, devotion to duty, and skill
in battle. We will accept nothing
less than full victory.”
- General Dwight D. Eisenhower
D-Day Leaders
Field Marshall Rommel
 Commander of the 7th German Army.
 Told Hitler about the severity of the invasion
but was rejected.
 Planned with other officers to possibly
overthrow Hitler in hopes of negotiating
with the Allies.
 Rommel accused of assassination attempt
on Hitler—Suicide!
Real D-Day Planning Map
German Defense System
Invasion at Utah Beach
I remember seeing all
the dead bodies
littering the beach.
Some were killed on
the first landing. They
were fodder for the
Germans gun. Others
were washed in by the
tide where their boats
had been caught.
- Sr. Bernard
Morgan
“Welcome to Hell”
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
Fatalities
4,500 Allied
and American
troops dead
National D-day Memorial
Foundation
D-Day: Turning the Tide
of War
 Invasion of Normandy was the decisive Allied
victory that turned the tide of World War 2.
 Success of the invasion was necessary for the
Allies to launch an attack to liberate France.
 Allies moved permanently to the offensive as
the armies marched through Europe to
liberate the other conquered nations.
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
Major Claus von
Stauffenberg
July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
1. Adolf Hitler
2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel
3. Gen Alfred von Jodl
4. Gen Walter Warlimont
5. Franz von Sonnleithner
6. Maj Herbert Buchs
7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz
8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein
9. Col Nikolaus von Below
10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss
11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant
12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)
13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend
14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)
The Liberation of Paris:
August 25, 1944
De Gaulle in
Triumph!
U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944
French Female Collaborators
The Battle of the Bulge:
Hitler’s Last Offensive
Dec. 16, 1944
to
Jan. 28, 1945
Yalta: February, 1945
 FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific
war.
 FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs
buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of
influence and a weak Germany.
 Churchill wants
strong Germany
as buffer
against Stalin.
 FDR argues
for a ‘United
Nations’.
Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:
Too Little, Too Late!
V-1 Rocket:
“Buzz Bomb”
V-2 Rocket
Werner von Braun
Mussolini &
His Mistress,
Claretta
Petacci
Are Hung in
Milan, 1945
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at
the Elbe River: April 25, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide
April 30, 1945
Cyanide & Pistols
The Führer’s Bunker
Mr. & Mrs. Hitler
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
Singapore Surrenders
[February, 1942]
U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,
the Philippines [March, 1942]
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans]
Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to POW
camps in the Philippines.
4th Marines Patch
Bataan Death March
Details of the March
• The only way to get the men to the
camp was to make them march the 70
miles. The Japanese High Command
believed that it should only require a
few days, but the men taken as
prisoners of war were not in good
health and were malnourished. That set
the stage for an onslaught of
inexcusable brutality.
– Japanese soldiers committed random beatings and killings
of all kinds
– 1000 soldiers died on the nine day hike
Bataan: British Soldiers
A
Liberated
British
POW
Allied Counter-Offensive:
“Island-Hopping”
“Island-Hopping”: US Troops
on Kwajalien Island
Farthest Extent
of Japanese Conquests
Battle of Midway Island:
June 4-6, 1942
Japanese Kamikaze Planes:
The Scourge of the South Pacific
Kamikaze Pilots
Suicide
Bombers
Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to
the Philippines! [1944]
US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,
Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]
Country
Men in war
Battle deaths
Wounded
Australia
1,000,000
26,976
180,864
Austria
800,000
280,000
350,117
Belgium
625,000
8,460
55,5131
40,334
943
4,222
339,760
6,671
21,878
Canada
1,086,3437
42,0427
53,145
China3
17,250,521
1,324,516
1,762,006
Czechoslovakia
—
6,6834
8,017
Denmark
—
4,339
—
Finland
500,000
79,047
50,000
France
—
201,568
400,000
20,000,000
3,250,0004
7,250,000
Greece
—
17,024
47,290
Hungary
—
147,435
89,313
India
2,393,891
32,121
64,354
Italy
3,100,000
149,4964
66,716
Japan
9,700,000
1,270,000
140,000
Netherlands
280,000
6,500
2,860
New Zealand
194,000
11,6254
17,000
75,000
2,000
—
—
664,000
530,000
650,0005
350,0006
—
410,056
2,473
—
—
6,115,0004
14,012,000
5,896,000
357,1164
369,267
16,112,566
291,557
670,846
3,741,000
305,000
425,000
Brazil2
Bulgaria
Germany
Norway
Poland
Romania
South Africa
U.S.S.R.
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia
WW II
Casualties
1. Civilians only.
2. Army and navy figures.
3. Figures cover period July 7,
1937 to Sept. 2, 1945,
and concern only Chinese
regular troops. They do not
include casualties suffered
by guerrillas and local
military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.
5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847
against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia;
169,822
against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr.,
Canadian
Forces Hq., Director of
History.
Massive Human Dislocations
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R.
Emerged as the Two Superpowers
of the later 20c
The Creation of the U. N.
The Nuremberg War Trials:
Crimes Against Humanity
Japanese War Crimes Trials
General
Hideki Tojo
Bio-Chemical
Experiments
7 Future American Presidents
Served in World War II
Early Computer Technology
Came Out of WW II
Colossus, 1941
Mark I, 1944
Admiral Grace Hooper,
1944-1992
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