I) Ancient History
A) Phoenicians are the first accomplished
sea travelers in the West
I) Ancient History
B) Polynesians were the first regular, longdistance, open ocean seafarers
I) Ancient History
C) Greeks
1) Pytheas
a)
b)
Predicted tides by
studying the
moon
Figured out how
far north or south
one was by using
the North Star
384-322 BC
I) Ancient History
C) Greeks
2) Eratosthenes
a)
b)
Calculated Earth’s
circumference
Invented the first
latitude / longitude
system
264-194 BC
I) Ancient History
C) Greeks
3) Aristotle
a) 1st marine biologist
b) Described many forms of
sea life
384-322 BC
I) Ancient History
C) Greeks
4) Ptolemy
a) 1st sphere map on
flat paper
b) Improved latitude &
longitude system
384-322 BC
I) Ancient History
D) Latitude & Longitude:
1) Latitude
a) Parallel lines running
east / west
b) Equator = 0O
c) Poles = 90O
d) Above equator = North
e) Below equator = South
I) Ancient History
D) Latitude & Longitude:
1) Longitude
a) Intersecting Lines that
begin at one pole and
end at other
b) Prime Meridian = 0O
c) Opposite side = 180O
d) Right of Prime Meridian
= East
e) Left of Prime Meridian
= West
II) Middle Ages
A. Vikings:
1) Raided, explored, & traded between 790 A.D. 1100
2) Leif Eriksson discovers Vinland & North America
995 AD
II) Middle Ages
B) Arabs
1) Voyaged to E Africa,
SE Asia, & India
2) Figured out wind patterns
& currents (including
monsoons)
II) Middle Ages
C) Chinese
1) Traded routes with Japan, Korea, & Australia by
1000 AD
2) First people to understand magnetism & use
compasses
3) Developed central rudders & watertight
compartments
III) European Voyages of Discovery
A)Columbus:
a)Rediscovers America in 1492
1451 – 1506 AD
III) European Voyages of Discovery
B) Magellan:
1) First person to sail around the world
1480 – 1521 AD
IV) Birth of Marine Science
A) James Cook:
1) Explored all the
oceans and began
making scientific
observations
2) Chronometer: clock
that isn’t affected by
waves, allowing one
to accurately
determine longitude
1728 - 1779AD
IV) Birth of Marine Science
B) Edward Forbes
1) Dredged ocean floor & discovered new sea
creatures
2) Father of modern oceanography
1815 – 1854 AD
IV) Birth of Marine Science
C) U.S. Exploring
Expedition
1) AKA: Wilkes
Expedition
2) Five ships that
explored the
southern Atlantic &
Pacific oceans
3) Included scientists
& illustrators
1838– 1842 AD
IV) Birth of Marine Science
D) Matthew Maury
1) Father of Physical
Oceanography
2) U.S. naval officer
3) The Physical
Geography of the
Sea
4) Among 1st to
envision worldwide
patterns for surface
winds and currents
1806– 1873 AD
IV) Birth of Marine Science
E) Charles Darwin
1) Studied plankton & described the formation
of coral reef atolls
1809 – 1882 AD
IV) Birth of Marine Science
F) Challenger Expedition
1) Sea voyage lasting 4 years
2) Gathered biological, chemical,
geological & physical data
3) Discovered Mid-Atlantic Ridge
& Marianas Trench & over
4700 new species
4) 50+ volumes (29,500 pages);
taking 23 years to publish
V) Modern Marine Biology
A) Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods
Hole (Massachusetts) is established
(1888)
V) Modern Marine Biology
B) The Scripps Institution of Oceanography
is established (La Jolla, CA - 1924)
V) Modern Marine Biology
C) Meteor (1925-Germany)
1) Crossed Atlantic 14X, gathering biological,
chemical, geological, & physical data
D) Atlantis (1931-USA)
1) 1st ship designed & built for ocean exploration
V) Modern Marine Biology
E) Challenger II (1951-U.K.)
1) Used SONAR to map
ocean floor
a) WWII: for sub hunting
b) Based on the detection of
underwater echoes
c) Allowed accurate
mapping of oceanic floors
V) Modern Marine Biology
F) Submersibles:
1) William Beebe & Otis Barton
develop bathysphere
a) Dove over 2000 feet off
Bermuda in 1932
V) Modern Marine Biology
F) Submersibles:
2) Deepest diving bathyscaphe
a) Trieste dives to bottom
Challenger Deep (36000
feet)
V) Modern Marine Biology
G) Hard Hat Diving
1) Developed by Augustus Siebe
2) Good for underwater labor, limited for underwater
research
V) Modern Marine Biology
H) SCUBA: self contained underwater breathing
apparatus
1) Developed after WWII by Emile Gagnan & Jacques
Cousteau
2) First time one could study directly in the marine
environment
V) Modern Marine Biology
I) Modern Scientific Ships (FLIP)
J) Submarines
V) Modern Marine Biology
K) Satellites
L) Remote Sensing
V) Modern Marine Biology
M) Critter cams
V) Modern Marine Biology
N) Remotely Operated Vehicles
(ROV)
V) Modern Marine Biology
O) Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV)
V) Modern Marine Biology
P) Global Positioning System (GPS)