Section 1: Spanish Power Grows
Section 2: France under Louis XIV
Section 3: Parliament Triumphs in England
Section 4: Rise of Austria and Prussia
Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia
Warm Up

 Is our president an “Absolute Ruler” ? Why or why
not
The Sovereign State

 Increase in Monarchial Power leads to Kingdoms
becoming Sovereign States
 Sovereign State: a country that is in control of all
instruments of that countries justice system and use
of force within its borders
 No court system can compete with that of the State
 No private armies are a threat to the royal authority
What is “Absolutism”

 In a coronation a ruler or king was anointed “by the
grace of God”
 This meant the king ruled by “divine right”
 Divine right: King answers to God Alone
 Absolute rulers control all aspects of the government
 Typically they have to secure cooperation from
Nobles by finding financial support from them
 Created bureaucracies: career appointed officials that
work for the king
Absolute vs. Feudal

Absolutism
Feudalism
 Power in the Crown
 Power in the land lords
 Military rules by the
state
 Military privately rules
 Serfdom
 Bureaucracy
Spain Emerges from Feudalism

 By the mid 1500 Spain had shaken off its feudal past
and emerged as the first modern European power.
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand unified the
country, enforced religious unity and commanded
the Spanish conquest of the Americas.
Charles V Inherits Two Crowns

 1516 Isabella’s and Ferdinand's grandson Charles I
became the King of Spain
 When his other Grandfather dies Charles I inherits
the Hapsburg Empire which includes the Holy
Roman Empire and Netherlands
 He the took the name Charles V
Charles V Empire

Problems with Two Crowns

 Each Crown had Different religions
 Protestant- Germany
 Catholic- Spain
 Fighting Muslim Expansion
 North Africa in Spain
 Ottoman Empire in Germany
 Control of the Mediterranean
Charles Abdicates the Throne

 Too much for any one man to rule
 Charles gave up all his titles and became a monk
 Hapsburg went to his Brother Ferdinand
 Spain and some southern Italian State went to his
son Philip who became Philip II
Spain under Philip II

 Philip was not like his
father, During his reign
he
 Strengthened the
Catholic Church
 Made his power
Absolute
 Made Spain the foremost
power in Europe
 Acquired Portugal as
part of his kingdom
 Expelled Muslim and
Jewish populations
Philip II Solidifies his power

 Hard working and
ambitious devoted
most of his time to
running Spain
 Married 4 times to
create Allegiances
 Carried out War to
expand Spanish interest
 Philips marriages
 Maria – Portugal
 Mary Tudor – England
 Elizabeth Valois–France
 Anna - Austria
Battle In the Mediterranean and the
Netherlands

 Supported his kingdom
on Gold and silver from
the New World
 Asserted himself as the
controller of all aspects
of Spain's government
 Since he ruled by
“divine right” thought
himself the Guardian of
the Church
 Ottoman Empire
 Battle of Lepanto 1571
 Put down uprising in
Netherlands
 Protestant resistance
split the country
 Later put down riots
against the Inquisition
 Spanish Armada
Quiz for Understanding 1

1. An increase in what led kingdoms to become
sovereign states?
2. Who does a divine ruler answer to?
3. What was the problem Charles V had with the
religion in his kingdom?
4. Why did Phillip II marry so often
5. How did Phillip II support the expansion of his
kingdom
Warm Up

 What was the problem with Charles the Vs’ Empire?
Difficulties in France

 100 Years War and Plague caused a great downturn
in population
 Serfdom almost disappeared
 Shift to a cash economy
 Wars continued to wage costing the French
government more than it could afford
 Poor harvest meant many starved
 French Protestants and Catholics were bitter rivals
Henry IV Restores Order

 Religious Strife
 Between 1560’s and 1590’s religious wars between
the Catholic majority and French Protestants
(Huguenots) tore France apart
 Leaders on both sides used these wars to advance
their own causes
 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

 Both Catholic and Huguenots nobles were gathered
for a royal wedding
 A plot by Catholics lead to the massacre of 3000
Huguenots
 Over the next few days thousands more were
slaughtered
 This was the low point for France and symbolized a
total breakdown in order
Bringing Peace to France

1589 a Huguenot prince, Henry inherits the throne
Becomes Henry IV or Henri le Grand (Henry the Great)
Promises a “chicken in every pot”
Immediately cut taxes to help the peasant class
Under pressure for a majority catholic population
converted “Paris is worth a Mass”
 Issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious toleration
 Grew the French Bureaucracy limiting the power of the
nobles
 Created a French India Trade Company which also
boosted the economy





End of Henry’s Reign

 In just twelve years Henry restored order and
created economic prosperity in France
 He was assassinated in 1610 by a crazed fanatic
 Henry’s son, nine year old Louis XIII was crowned
 Louis’ Mother, Marie de Medici ruled for Louis
 Feuding Nobel's and Princes related the crown
bickered over the governing of France
 Marie appointed Cardinal Richelieu to the Council of
Ministers and later he became the President of the
Council
Cardinal Richelieu Strengthens
Royal Authority

 Policy was total subordination to
the Monarchy
 Thought that the nobles were a
threat to the crown
 Re shuffled the council
eliminating powerful advisories
 Leveled many French castles
 Harshly crushed diplomatic
conspiracies
 Destroyed private armies
 Revoked portions of the Edict on
Nantes
 Hand picked his successor,
Cardinal Mazarin
An Absolute Monarch Rises

 Richelieu dies in 1642, Louis XIII
dies in 1643
 Louis son Louis XIV is crowned
and Mazarin is already in place
 Merchants, peasants and the poor
rebelled against the crown
 Louis assumed full control upon
Mazarin’s death in 1661, Louis
was 23
 Declared “I have been pleased to
entrust the government of my
affairs to the late cardinal, but it is
now time I govern them myself”
“L’etat c’est moi”

 Believed he possessed divine right
 Known as “The sun king”
 Called the sun king because of heliocentric beliefs
 Ruled for 72 years, longest in French history
 Never called a meeting of the Estates General
 Expanded the Bureaucracy by appointing Royal
intendants (tax collectors and recruiters)
 Built Europe's largest professional army 300,000 men
Jean-Baptist Colbert

 Louis appointed the Colbert as his finance minister
 Colbert’s policies stimulated the economy
Imposed mercantilist mentality
Cleared lands for farming
Encouraged mining
Built luxury trades
Imposed high tariffs on imported goods from other
countries
 Encouraged the development of colonies





 All his policies could not keep up with government
spending
Versailles: Symbol of Power

 Louis turned a
royal hunting lodge
into a palace
 It was a symbol of
the Sun Kings
wealth and power
 Used the palace to
defuse bickering
nobles
A Strong State Declines

 Spend a lot to expand France’s borders
 Many rival rulers joined against Louis
 Dutch and English joined keeping a Balance of
Power on the continent
 This balance was to maintain Military and Economic
equality so no one nation dominated
 1700 Louis grandson inherited the Spanish crown
leading to the War of Spanish Succession
 At the end in 1713 Spain and France agrees to never
unite their crowns
Persecution of the Huguenots

 Louis saw the Huguenots as a threat to the crown
 In 1685 revoked the Edict of Nantes
 Huguenots fled France to England, the Netherlands,
Germany, and the Americas
 The Huguenots were among the hardest working
and this hurt the economy
Quiz for Understanding 2

 Who were the Huguenots?
 What did the Edict of Nantes do?
 Why did Cardinal Richelieu run the government?
 What was the palace at Versailles used for
 Why was Louis XIV called the “Sun King”
English Parliament

 The 100 Years war had a profound impact on the
people of Europe
 After the war representative assembly's started to
appear
 England created Parliament to as a check on the King
 King could not raise taxes with out Parliament’s
consent
 Consist of Two houses Lords and Commons
Tudors Rule England

 1485 – 1603 England was ruled by the Tudor
Monarchy
 Tudors believed in Divine Right but recognized the
usefulness of Parliament
 Used Parliament to legitimize the break from the
Catholic Church
 Called by the members of Parliament “Good Queen
Bess”
A Century of Revolution Begins

 Elizabeth dies childless in 1603 ending the house of
Tudor
 Closest relative was James VI of Scotland
 Became James I the first of the Stuart family
 Inherited problems long suppressed by Henry and
Elizabeth
The Stuarts issue a Challenge

 James I believed in Divine Right and thought he
should not have to answer to Parliament
 Needed money for his lavish court and foreign
affairs
 If non co-operative James dissolved Parliament and
collect taxes on his own
James I Clashes with Protestant Dissenters

 James had dissenters – people who thought the
Church of England should be different
 Puritans wanted the church to be simpler and pure
of any Catholic traditions
 Also wanted a more democratic church with no
bishops
 James rejected their demands
 Only thing James did was create the King James
Bible
James I successor Charles I

 1625 James dies leaving his son Charles
 Charles becomes Charles I and is crowned king
 Charles was also an absolute monarch
 Believed in divine right
 Imprisoned his enemies with no trials
 Spent money
Parliament Responds

 1628 Charles, needing to raise taxes,
 Summons Parliament
 Before voting funds Parliament insisted Charles sign
the Petition of Right
 The Petition of Right
 Prohibited Charles from raising taxes with out
Parliament’s approval
 Prohibited act of jailing someone with out legal
justification
What Charles Does

 Signed the petition
 Dissolves Parliament and does not call them to
reconvene for 11 years
 Charles ruled as an absolute monarch without
Parliament
The Long Parliament

 When the Scots revolted Charles called Parliament to
raise taxes
 This was called the long Parliament because it lasted
from 1640 to 1653
 Set off a period of political revolution
 Parliament tried and executed many of Charles Ministers,
 Called for the Abolition of bishops
 Parliament members declared they could only be
dissolved if the members agree
 Charles responded by leading troops to Parliament
WAR!

 Parliament responds to Charles by raising their own
army
 A period of civil war breakout from 1642 – 1651
 Posted a major challenge to Absolutism
The Sides

Cavaliers
Favored the king
Believed in Absolutism
Most were wealthy nobles
Known for their large
hats with feather plumes
and long hair
 Expected a quick victory




Roundheads
 Favored Parliament
 Opposed the Church of
England
 Were the common people
 Called roundheads
because they kept their
hairs short
 Lead by Oliver Cromwell
Cromwell's Army

 Cromwell created a
New Model Army
 His army selected
officers for skill not
social status
 Defeated the cavalier in
a series of battles
 1647 the king was
captured and the war
was over
A King is Executed

 Charles was tried
 Condemned as a tyrant,
murderer, traitor, and public
enemy
 Cold day in January 1648 was
executed
 Last words were “I am a
martyr of the people”
 Told the executioner he
himself would give the order
 Charles placed his head on
the block gave the signal and
the executioner severed
Charles’ head in one swipe
Shockwaves ripple through England

 A king had been assassinated or even killed in battle
but never tried and executed
 The Execution sent the message to the people that
parliament would not tolerate Absolute Rulers and
rulers that ignore the law
Cromwell and the Commonwealth

 After the execution. House of Commons abolished
the monarchy, House of Lords and Church of
England
 Declared England a republic
 Known as the Commonwealth under Oliver
Cromwell
Challenging the Commonwealth

 New government faced many threats
 Charles II attacked England using Irish troops
 Cromwell brutally crushed the uprising
 Took harsh measures against the Catholic Irish
 Banished them to west Ireland
 Catholics found disobeying would be killed
 Levelers
 Thought poor men should have as much say as rich
 Cromwell put down this challenge
Puritans: a sobering Experience

 As challenges to the order grew Cromwell took
charge of the army and declared himself Lord
Protector
 Enacted a series of Puritanical Laws
 Sunday was set aside for religious purposes
 Under age 14 was fined for profanity
 Theaters, bars were closed
 No dancing
Family Life under Cromwell

 All English must be able to read so they could read
the Bible
 All children were to be sent to school
 Marriage was to be for love not business
 Women position in the home did not change, they
were considered subordinate to men
 Did not tolerate Catholics but did tolerate other
Protestants and let the Jews back in after a 350 year
exile
The Commonwealth Ends

 Cromwell dies in 1658
 Puritans soon lost control of the country
 Many fed up with the Military rule
 People elect a new Parliament
 Parliament invited Charles II back from exile to be
king
Return of the King

 Charles II returns to England to cheering crowds
 Is a very popular ruler very charming and witty
 Immediately restores the Church of England
 Accepts the Petition of Right but like his father
believes in Absolute Monarchy
 Secretly a Catholic sympathizer
Charles pact with Louis XIV

 Parliament did not grant Charles II enough money
 1670 he entered into a secret pact with Louis XIV of
France
 The agreement stated if Charles II relaxes laws
against Catholics in England Louis would pay him
200,000 lbs. a year
 The hope was, this would gradually re-catholicize
England
The Catholic Church re-emerges

 Parliament hearing of Charles plan quickly passes
laws forbidding a Catholic from becoming the king
 Charles quickly dissolves parliament
 Charles II dies leaving no heirs
 The crown goes to his brother James II
 James unlike Charles is Catholic
 Based on this and Louis XIV revoking the Edict of
Nantes English protestants begin to fear the Catholic
re emerging
Parliament Bans Catholics

 James begins to appoint Catholics to high positions
in the government
 James wife produces a male heir thus solidifying a
catholic lineage
 Parliament decides to contact James protestant
daughter form his first marriage, Mary
 Offer her the title of Queen
The Glorious Revolution

 Mary and her Dutch husband William III accept
parliaments invitation
 William gathers an invasion force and drives to
conquer England
 Upon landing James flees the invasion and takes his
wife and son to live in France
 William and Mary are crowned king and queen
 The bloodless overthrow is known as the Glorious
Revolution
Terms of their Crown

English Bill of Rights
 Ensured superiority of
Parliament over the
crown
 Gave House of Commons
control over spending
 Trial by jury
 Habeas Corpus - No one
could be held with out a
trial
Toleration Act
 Granted religious
tolerance to
 Puritans
 Quakers
 Only members of Church
of England could hold
office
 Did not tolerate Catholics
Limited Monarchy

 Limited Monarchy - Constitution Limits the amount
of power the King or Queen have
 Very radicle for Europe at the time
 Great political thinker of the time John Locke wrote
about the pursuit of Life, Liberty and Property
 This would influence Declaration of Independence
 Constitutional Government – Government who's
power is defined by the limits of the law
 Oligarchy – Ruled by a few
Constitutional Government Evolves

Political Parties Emerge
 Tories - Aristocratic
 Backed the old ways
 Whigs - Business
 Backed the change of the
Glorious Revolution
The Cabinet System
 Parliamentary Advisors
to the King
 Met in a small room
 Prime Minister leads
the Cabinet
Tudors
Henry VIII
Elizabeth I -
Lineage

Stuarts
James I
Charles I *
Charles II – James II
James III
Mary married to William III
*Killed and replaced by Oliver Cromwell
Warm up

 What was a check Parliament would have on the
King of England?
 What was a check the King of England had on
Parliament?
Austria, Prussia and
Russia

The Hapsburg's

 The throne of the Holy Roman Empire was
continuously occupied by the Hapsburgs between
1438 and 1740.
 They would continue to rule Austria until 1918
The Thirty Years War

 Actually a series of
wars between
Catholics and
Protestants in Holy
Roman Empire of
the Hapsburgs
 Ferdinand, a
Catholic, emerged
as a leader
Peace

 1648 Peace of Westphalia ended the war
 France gained the most getting land from Spain and
Germany
 Hapsburgs and the HRE was required to disband
and was now a weakened group of 360 independent
states

Hapsburg Austria

 Hapsburg’s wanted a strong united state
 Kept the HRE title and Emperor
 Focused on consolidating their own lands
 Problem was people were divided by geography and
culture
 Many parts had own laws, assemblies, language and
customs stalled centralization
A Woman Emperor

 Early 1700’s Charles VI (yes another Charles) was
HRE and had no male heirs…again
 Set up a coalition to accept his daughter Maria
Theresa as HRE after he dies
 Upon his death many countries ignored his wishes
 Frederick II Prussia attacked Austria
War for Austrian Succession

 Maria looked to Hungary for help
 She made a dramatic plea before the Hungarian
assembly
 The nobles rose to their feet and exclaimed “Our
Lives and Blood for her Majesty”
 Also obtained help from Britain and Russia –(balance
of power)
 With allies Maria defeated the Prussians
What else Maria did

 was a popular ruler
 reorganized the Empire
 improve tax collection
 Reduced taxes for
lower class and
increased taxes on
nobles
 son Joseph II carried on
her reforms
Austria 1700

Hohenzollern Prussia

 Prussia emerges as a
Protestant state under
Frederick William of
the Hohenzollern
family
Creating a Bureaucracy

 set up an efficient Bureaucracy
 Granted Prussian Princes called Junkers positions of
power reducing the independence of the nobles
 Developed the best trained army in Europe
 “Prussia is not a state that possesses an army but an
army that possesses a state”
 Soon, were able to challenge Austria for power
Crown Prince learns the Art of War

 son Frederick II did not take to the family business
 Instead he like poems and music
 Williams despised these trait so much it caused
young Fred to try to flee the country
 Young Fred was caught and put into solitary
confinement then forced to watch his best friend
beheaded
 1740 Frederick II becomes king and invaded Austria
this sparked the war of Austrian Succession
Prussia 1740

Section 5: Absolute Monarchy in Russia

 1689-1725 Peter the Great
 Russian - Eastern Orthodox
 Politics: Autocratic Ruler - Czar
 built St. Petersburg (westernization),
 made Russia a European power;
 Society:
 Forced Boyars (nobles) to serve in Military
 serfs have little freedom reforms had limited success,
 War(s):
 defeated Sweden & gained access to Baltic Sea;
 failed to win Black Sea port from Turks – warm water port
Catherine The Great:

 1762-1796
 Russia: Czarina
 Political: Seized throne from weak husband
 took Black Sea port (Crimea peninsula)
 helped carve up Poland
 Socially:
 Increased St. Petersburg
 plight of serfs actually worsened forced labor
 War(s):
 crushed revolts,
 defeated Turks to gain warm water port
The Rivalry of Great
Powers

Rivals of 1750
 Britain
 France
 Prussia
 Russia
What they did
 Formed alliances
 Switched sides
 Would fight in Europe
and over seas
 Seven Years War
Quiz for Understanding 3

1. What two religions started the Thirty Years War?
2. Which religion won?
3. Why did geography create problem for the
Hapsburgs uniting Austria?
4. What was the strength of Prussia
5. What did Peter the Great want to accomplish in
Russia?