Catalytic
Converter used on
automobiles in
Europe: Converts
CO,
Hydrocarbons,
and oxides of
nitrogen into
Water, Carbon
Dioxide, and
Nitrogen.
Reduces the
emissions of these
harmful gases.
What is a Catalyst?
A Catalyst is a substance that initiates or
accelerates a chemical reaction without itself
being affected. Catalysts provide an
alternative reaction mechanism with a lower
activation energy.
Introduction to Catalysts

Catalysts increase the rates
of both the forward and
reverse reactions equally.
Thus, they reduce the time to
reach the equilibrium. They
have no effect on either the
yield of the reaction or the
equilibrium constants.

Reaction with
Catalyst Vs. without
Catalyst>>>
General Uses Of Catalysts
 Meat
products
 Catalytic Converters help reduce
pollution
 Antibiotics
 “Biological” Detergents
 Manufacturing of Petroleum
 Different types of Motors (thrusters)
Recyclable Catalysts

Replacing hazardous solvents
with water and being more
efficient with resources are
methods that chemists use to
reduce the environmental
impact of their reactions—a
central goal of the ‘green
chemistry’ movement. Yasuhiro
Uozumi from the RIKEN
Advanced Science Institute in
Wako has developed recyclable
catalysts that selectively
generate chiral organic
molecules in water, considered
a nearly ideal green chemical
process.
Goal: Improve quality of loading of reformer
catalyst

Goal: Improve quality of loading
of reformer catalyst
Tools: PETROVAL uses the
UNIDENSE technology to load
reformer tubes in ammonia,
methanol and hydrogen plants.
gives improved homogeneity and
density, and shorter loading time,
than pre-socked catalyst

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Benefits:
 Quick loading
 No pre-socking required
 No or very little tube vibration
 Uniform dPs (PETROVAL
guarantees ±5%)
 No bridging or gaps in catalyst
inside the tubes

catalysts improve
yields in
petrochemical
plants.
Types of Catalysts
Homogeneous Catalysts
---Catalyst is in the same phase as
reactants
---Increase rate of reaction caused by
catalyst allowing for reaction to
occur with alternative mechanism
with lower activation energy
---Catalyst is consumed at one stage in
the mechanism and reformed at a
later stage
---Liquid Phase
*Source-Green Damji- Chemistry
2nd Edition p.241
Heterogeneous Catalysts
---Catalyst is in different phase to
reactants
---Catalyst provides reactive
surface where reaction can take
place; reactants are absorbed
onto the surface
---This process weakens the
bonding in molecules and brings
them into close contact; reaction
occurs on the surface and the
products are desorbed; this
frees the surface for further
reaction
---Solid/Gas Phase
*Source-Green Damji- Chemistry 2nd
Edition p.241
HOMOGENEOUS
CATALYSIS WORKFLOW

The Homogeneous
Catalysis Workflow
uses liquid and solid
handling robotics,
parallel pressure
reactors, and standard
analytical screens to
study up to hundreds of
reactions every day
under different
temperature/pressure
conditions
Advantages and
Disadvantages
Homogeneous
Catalysts
Heterogeneous
Catalysts
Advantages---all the catalyst is
exposed to the reactant,
easily modified, reaction
mechanisms are well
understood by scientists,
easy process of diffusion and
heat transfer, well defined
active site
Advantages---easily removed
from products by filtration,
easily recycled
Disadvantages--- can be
difficult to remove from the
products for reuse
Disadvantages---only effective
on the surface, reaction
mechanisms are poorly
understood in general,
poorly defined active site
Low Temp. Oxidation Catalyst

<<<Low Temperature
Oxidation Catalyst—
reduces CO emissions
as well as
formaldehydes and
other lightweight
hydrocarbons
MODES OF ACTION

Heterogeneous
 One or more of
reactants
adsorbed(stick to
surface) onto
surface in the active
site, Product
molecules are
desorbed, or break
away.

Homogeneous
 Catalyst in same
phase as reactants

transition metal
compounds as catalysts
is convenient- their
ability to change
oxidation state-avoids
problem of wrong
collisions for reaction to
occur
CatCart

Immiscible
phases
The CatCart® - created to make the process of hydrogenation easier and more
efficient., steel tube packed with heterogeneous catalyst, filter system at both
ends of tube allows liquid to pass through the column and prevents catalyst from
leaking out
 two immiscible aqueous-organic phases investigated for different organic
transformations =the onium salt forms a distinct liquid phase which is catalystphilic, and contains - or coats - the metal catalyst methods of catalyst separation
and product recovery, as well as advantages on catalytic efficiency, have been
demonstrated.
Factors that determine choice
of catalysts
selectivity
(produce only the desired
product)
efficiency
ability to work under mild/severe
conditions
environmental impact
problems caused by catalysts
becoming poisoned by impurities.
RTM is a low pressure moulding process, where a mixed resin and catalyst are
injected into a closed mould containing a fibre pack or preform. When the resin has
cured the mould can be opened and the finished component removed.











The Advantages and Benefits of using
RTM:
Components will have good surface finish
on both sides
Selective reinforcement and accurate
fibre management is achievable
Ability to build-in fibre volume fraction
loadings up to 65%
Uniformity of thickness and fibre loading,
resulting in uniform shrinkage
Tooling costs comparatively low
compared to other manufacturing
processes
Uses only low pressure injection
Low volatile emission during processing
Ability to produce near net shape
mouldings, reducing material wastage
Process can be automated, resulting in
higher production rates with less scrap
Ability to mould complex structural and
hollow shapes
Bibliography of Photos
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/images/content/351625main_low-temp-ox-catalyst_516387.gif
http://www.plastech.co.uk/Images/JEC%20RTM%20Diagram.jpg
http://www.vajdagroup.com/images/stories/industry/our%20offer/production/RTM_1.jpg
http://www.symyx.com/products/images/homogeneous_catalysis_4.jpg
http://www.thalesnano.com/files/image/products/catcarts.jpg
http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/images/figures/hi_3392.jpg
http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/function/conversions:/publish/content/innovations/innov
ation-award/2007/images/2007-catalysts-170x170.jpg
http://www.petroval.fr/image/tubeloading_250.gif
http://ene.web.psi.ch/Combustion/comchem/Fig1a.gif
http://www.unive.it/media/allegato/dipartimenti/Dip%20SA/Selva_image037.jpg
http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/Resources/Fact_Sheets/Key_Stage_4/Transport/images/06a.jpg
Other Sources
http://gcserevision101.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/energy-level-diagramactivation-energy.jpg
Green, Damji Chemistry: For Use With The International Baccalaureate
Diploma Programmme
http://www.essortment.com/all/howenzymeswork_rkyf.htm
file:///C:/DOCUME~1/SAMMYT~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/chemistry_hl_paper_2a.p
df
http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/examples/samplepapers/documents/gp4
_chemistyhl3.pdf
http://web.uvic.ca/~mcindoe/423/homovshet.pdf
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/catalysis/introduction.html