Leonardus, S.Si.
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
• Siswa mampu mengategorikan komponen kimiawi sel.
• Siswa mampu menggambarkan struktur sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan serta
memahami ciri-ciri sel hidup dan sel mati.
• Siswa mampu membandingkan struktur sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan.
• Siswa mampu mengelompokkan organel sel yang khusus terdapat pada sel
hewan dan sel tumbuhan.
• Siswa mampu mendeskripsikan fungsi masing-masing organel pada sel
hewan dan tumbuhan.
• Siswa mampu mendeskripsikan transpor secara difusi dan osmosis.
• Siswa mampu mendeskripsikan peristiwa terjadinya plasmolisis atau
peristiwa serupa lainnya.
• Siswa mampu mendeskripsikan mekanisme transpor aktif dan pasif.
• Siswa mampu menjelaskan perbedaan antara transpor aktif dan transpor
pasif.
• Siswa mampu menjelaskan proses reproduksi sel tubuh secara mitosis
• Siswa mampu menjelaskan proses sintesis protein pada sel
INTRODUCTION
CELL
1) WHAT IS CELL?
3) CELL TYPE
3a) PROCARYOTIC
3b) EUCARYOTIC
PLANT & ANIMAL
2) CELL
CHEMISTRY
COMPOUND
DIFFERS PLANT &
ANIMAL
1. WHAT IS CELL?
•
•
•
•
Smallest unit which form all living things
Smallest unit and functional from all living things
Contain genetic material that can inherited
It has complicated parts which connecting each
other and form the system
How to observe CELL?
• MICROSCOPE
– Light microscope: 2000x
magnification
– Electron microscope:
500.000-1.000.000x
magnification
CELL Discovery
•
•
•
•
•
•
Robert Hooke
Robert Brown
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Theodor Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
Louis Pasteur
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2. CELL CHEMISTRY COMPOUND
• Element, eg. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, phospor dan sulfur
• Compound, eg. Water
atom  element  molecule  compound
Organic
Anorganic
Chemistry compound of cell
• Protoplasm: contain organic & anorganic
compound
• Organic:
– Carbohydrate: C, H, O  energy resource
– Lipid: C, H, O  energy storage
– Protein: C, H, O, N  cell membrane & organelles
former
– Nucleic acid: contain genetic material (DNA &
RNA)
EVALUATION
• Mention four main molecules in the living things!
Explain the role each of them!
• Why water so important for cell function?
• How the relation between element and
compound?
• What if a cell doesn’t ger the amino acid supply
and can’t produce it also, what happen to this
cell?
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3. CELL TYPE
3a) PROCARYOTIC  has no nuclear membrane
eg. bacteria & blue-green algae cell
3b) EUCARYOTIC  has nuclear membrane
eg. Plant & animal cell
Differs animal & plant cell
• Make a group
• One group contain 5-6 people
• Assignment:
– Write on your book the different animal with plant
cell!
– Write all the organelles which present and absent
in both cell!
– Write all the organelles function!
Prokaryotic cell
Animal cell
Plant cell
Different animal & plant cell
No.
PART OF CELL
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CELL WALL
CHLOROPLAST
LYSOSOME
VACUOLE
PLASMODESMA
GLYOXYSOME
√
√
√
√
√
√
-
REGULAR SHAPE
food reserves: starch
IRREGULAR SHAPE
food reserves: fat and glycogen
NUCLEUS
Contains:
chromosome,
nucleolus
Role: control the cell
activity
CYTOPLASM
Contain: water, protein,
nucleic acid, fatty acid,
mineral
Role : the place of organelles
activity (synthesis, chemical
compound storage, package,
repackage)
CELL MEMBRANE
 Semipermeable membrane
 “Membran mosaic cair” atau fluid mosaic membrane
 Structured by carbohydrate, lipid & protein (phospholipid,
glycolipid, dan glycoprotein)
 Role: protect, arrange in and out all substance (active & passive
transport), reseptor
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough ER
(granular)
Smoth ER
(agranular)
Role: protein
collect &
transport, lipid
synthesis
5. Vesicles pulled off from
Golgi apparatus carry
product/end result as
protein and lipid to plasma
membrane. This final
product is released by
exocytosis
Several vesicle made
from membrane
plasm and move to
cytoplasm. This
endocytic vesicle
fuse with membrane
or other organelle or
keep stay as vesicle
storage
4. Proteins and lipids as final
products are processed in
the lumen modifications
enable them to be
transported to different
targets
Another vesicles
made by ER
membrane and Golgi
apparatus can fuse
with membrane
plasm. Then this
exocycitic vesicle
released from cell
3. Vesicles of ER membrane
then carries proteins and
lipids to Golgi apparatus
2. Lipids are produced in the
smooth ER membrane
1. Several polypeptide
chains enter the lumen of
ER and are processed into
proteins
SECRETORY ROUTE
DNA controls the
synthesis initial
materials for the
production of
proteins that
occurs in
cytoplasm
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
RIBOSOM
Small granule
stick on ER or
everywhere
(cytoplasm)
Role: protein
synthesis
GOLGI APPARATUS
 Composed of cisternal, tubular, and vesicular
 The “POST OFFICE”
 Role: form vesicle for secretion, plasma membrane, cell wall
(plant), acrosome, lysosomes
http://higheredbcs.wiley.co
m/legacy/college/tortora/0
470565101/hearthis_ill/pap
13e_ch03_illustr_audio_mp
3_am/simulations/hear/pro
tein_process.html
MITOCHONDRIA
A doubledmembrane
organelle
Cristae (folds 
enlarge surface
area)
Matrix (fill cristae
 containing lipids,
proteins, DNA,
ribosomes)
Role: energy
production (ATP)
MICRO BODIES
Fine small vesicles in the cytoplasm
Role: Peroxysome (P&A): H2O2 neutralized, fat
into carbohydrate, Glyoxysome (P): change fat
into sugar (germination)
LYSOSOME
Contain enzyme
lysozim (hydrolitic
enzyme)
The “CLEANER”
Role : intracellular
digestion
(endocytocis,
phagocytosis,
autophagus)
http://www.slideshare.net/ephyyuniar/tugas-2-lisosomperoksisom-glioksisom
CYTOSKELETON
Contain 3 main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments:
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Role: provide mechanical strength to the cell, framework
of cells, helping the movement of substance from one
section to another.
CYTOSKELETON
CENTROSOME
 Animal cell: present, plant cell: present
(no centrioles)
 Composed of two centrioles contains 9
sets triplet microtubules
 Role: to form nuclear spindle thread
during cell division
CELL WALL
 Contain polysaccharide (cellulose,
hemicellulose & pectin) and
glycoprotein
 Node , plasmodesma
 Role: support, shaper, protection,
turgidity
PLASTIDS
Contains pigmen or as a storage
Kinds: chloroplast, chromoplast, leukoplast,
amilopast
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid
VACUOLE
• Unicellular animals have 2 kinds of vacuole:
1. Contractile vacuole  osmoregulator
2. Non-contractile vacuole  digest food
 Large round shape
filled with fluid
 Surrounded by a
membrane
(tonoplast)
 Role: water, mineral
storage, disposal for
secondary
metabolites, stores
toxic (defense
mechanism)
TRANSPORT MEMBRANE MECHANISM
• Selectively permeable
• Select all the substances that in to and out from the
cell
• Two kinds the transport mechanism: passive
transport and active transport
MOVEMENT THROUGH THE MEMBRANE
Diffusion
passive
CELL
TRANSPORT
TYPE
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Endocytosis
active
Exocytosis
Sodium-Potassium pump
ACTIVE & PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• Passive transport:
– Transport that follows the flow of solution
concentration difference, from high to low
concentration.
– No need energy.
– Includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
• Active transport:
– Transport against concentration gradient, from high to
low concentration.
– Requires ATP energy.
– Includes endocytosis, exocytosis, and the sodiumpotassium pump
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DIFFUSION
• Movement of molecules from high to low
concentration
• For example, sprayed air freshener into the room
after a long time the smell will spread
• How does the process of diffusion in the cell? For
example, one-celled organisms in the water
requires oxygen, so the oxygen in the water
diffuses into the cell, because the concentration
of oxygen in water is higher than in the cells
DIFFUSION
• Movement of particles from regions of higher
chemical potential to places with lower
chemical potential due to its kinetic energy
alone until there is a dynamic equilibrium
DIFFUSION
Cell membrane
Inside cell
Outside cell
DIFFUSION
Cell membrane
diffusion
Inside cell
Outside cell
DIFFUSION
Cell membrane
Outside cell
Inside cell
EQUILIBRIUM
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DIFFUSION
•
1.
2.
3.
Molecules that diffuse
through cell
membranes
Oxygen – Non-polar so
diffuses very quickly.
Carbon dioxide – Polar
but very small so
diffuses quickly.
Water – Polar but also
very small so diffuses
quickly.
OSMOSIS
• The process of displacement of water
molecules from areas of high water
concentration through the cell membrane
into areas of low water concentration
through a selectively permeable membrane.
(hypotonic  hypertonic)
OSMOSIS
Osmosis
DILUTE SOLUTION
Sugar molecule
CONCENTRATED SOLUTION
Cell membrane
partially
permeable.
VERY Low conc. of
water molecules.
High water potential.
VERY High conc. of
Inside cell
water molecules.
High water potential.
Outside cell
Osmosis
Cell membrane
partially
permeable.
OSMOSIS
High conc. of water
molecules. High
water potential.
Inside cell
Low conc. of water
molecules. High
water potential.
Outside cell
Osmosis
Cell membrane
partially
permeable.
OSMOSIS
Inside cell
Outside cell
EQUILIBRIUM. Equal water concentration on each side. Equal water
potential has been reached. There is no net movement of water
AS Biology, Cell membranes and Transport
47
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION
• involves several types of protein in transfer process
• molecules and ions move down their concentration
gradient reflecting its diffusive nature
• For example, during the process of transport of glucose
from the intestinal lumen into the blood vessels of the
small intestine.
ENDOCYTOSIS
• An energy-using process by which cells absorb
molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing
them.
EXOCYTOSIS
• The substances
secretion process from
the cells out of the cell.
• For example, the
expenditure of the
substance in the cells
of the glandular
secretion events.
EXOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
• K+ ions essential for maintaining the electrical
activity in nerve cells and stimulate the active
transport of other substances
• K+ ions and Na+ required for the cell activity
• Needs of high-K+, so it is necessary ion influx into
the cell, and spending Na+ out of the cell
• K+ concentration is high outside the cell instead low
in cell so that need energy to move K+ into the cell.
• The concentration of Na+ is high outside the cell
instead low in cell. Thus Na+ need energy to move
out of the cell.
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP