MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF AIR VOLUME AND BREATHING FREQUENCY IN HUMAN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM SIMULATION
Lilis Warliah1*, Eni Apriani, Arief Syaechu Rohman
Email : lilis.warliah@yahoo.co.id
1
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesa 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Abstract -Human respiration is a process that always
occurs in all living things including humans. However,
the process is abstract and difficult to observe by most
people, including high school students. Simulation is
one way to explain respiration and it can be used as a
medium of learning for the students.
Respiratory process consists of inspiration and
expiration. The inspiration is the process of oxygen
entry from the environment into the lungs (alveolus)
and expiration is the process of carbon dioxide exit
from the lungs (alveoli) into the environment . The
respiratory mechanism includes the changes in air
volume in the lungs and the frequency of human
breathing. The changes of the air volume and the
respiratory frequency is dependent on physical factors
such as gender, type of activity, age, weight and, height
of humans. These physical factors may be treated as
input variables that affect the changes of the air volume
and the breathing frequency.
Model simulation (simulation models) is one of the
interactive multimedia and aims to provide concrete
experiences through imitation - imitation approaches the
form of truth. Model simulations require students to
interact actively. Students not only see, but are involved
directly interact with the program. Students are facilitated
to try, observe, try again with different situations, as
students engage in practice.
The process of breathing is a physiological process that
occurs within a living body which is abstract and difficult
dikonkritkan.
With
the
simulation
will
help
mengkonkritkan a matter of learning which is abstract,
making it easier to understand students. Human respiratory
system is part of learning material on students' high school
biology class XI IPA program. Thus the material can be
packed into the respiratory system sebuah simulasi sistem
pernapasan pada manusia sebagai media pembelajaran.
1.1 Background
In this paper, a model of lung volume and breathing
frequency is developed for human respiratory
simulation. The model is a modified model of proposed
models in the literatures. In the model of lung volume
and breathing frequency, the following factors are
considered, i.e. tidal volume (VT), functional residual
capacity (FRC), total lungs capacity (TLC), inspiratory
volume (VI) and expiratory volume (VE). The model of
lungs volume is then used to visualize the process of
expansion and contraction of the lungs. Meanwhile, the
model of breathing frequency is used to visualize the
duration of the expansion and contraction of the lungs.
Breathing period (T) is a time taken for a single
breathing that consists of the time for inspiration and
expiration. These inspiration and expiration times may
be modified and adapted to model various physical
conditions and needs of the humans.
I.
Introduction
Learning Media is an integral part of the whole learning
process and is one of the critical success factors of
learning. Through the medium of learning, the learning
process can be more interesting and fun (Joyfull learning).
An important aspect is the use of media to help clarify the
message of learning.
In the simulation of the human respiratory system, describe
the structure, explaining the function of a respiratory sistem
and simulation of human breathing mechanism.
Respiratory mechanisms related with the process of
inspiration and expiration. The inspiration is the process of
oxygen entry from the environment into the lungs
(alveolus) and expiration is the process of carbon dioxide
exit from the lungs (alveoli) into the environment . The
mechanism of respiratory-related changes in lung air
volume and respiratory frequency.
The changes air volume and breathing frequency is
influenced by several variables. These variables describe
the parameters of the respiratory form of mathematical
equations. So as to visualize the respiratory system
simulation takes a lot of mathematical equations involved.
Thus the mathematical model of breathing is need to
simulate human respiratory system. The mathematical
model can be obtained from previous studies of
mathematical models in the respiratory system in humans
[6] and of the various theories that support
Mathematically model which includes mathematical
equations related to the volume of air the lungs and
respiratory frequency. Changes in volume of air the lungs
can be visualized by developing and mengempisnya lungs.
The variables that influence will be made in the input by
the user to simulate the breathing process in humans.
1.2 Objectives of the writing
Designing and implementing a mathematical model of lung
air volume and respiratory frequency is needed in making
the simulation of human breathing.
II. Respiratory system in humans
Respiratory systems in humans includes the following
matters, namely the respiratory tract, the mechanisms and
factors that affect breathing.
Fig 1. Respiratory tract.
2.2 Mechanism of respiration
2.1 Respiratory Tract
Respiratory tract is the organ that serves as the exit point of
the air from outside the body into the lungs or vice versa.
Respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi and bronkhiolus. The nature and function
of each of the respiratory organs are described below [3.5].
- Nose, serves as a filter dirt, moisten and warm the air that
is inhaled into the lungs.
- Pharynx, as liaison nasal cavity and oral cavity to the
larynx.
- Larynx, is the part that connects the pharynx and
trakea.Laring often called the voice box that serves as the
site of vocalization.
- The trachea, also called the windpipe. End of the trachea
divides into two branches called bronchi.
- Bronchus, the branching of the trachea, bronchus divides
into right and left bronchus.
- Bronchioles, is a branch of the bronchus. Containing
bronchial submucosal glands that produce mucus to coat
the inside of the airway.
- Pulmonary - lungs, elastic organs that are conical.
Consists of the right lung and left, which is located in the
chest or thoracic cavity. In the lungs, bronchial smooth
branches with a diameter of ± 1 mm, the walls are
wearing thin when compared with the bronchi.
- Alveoli, are the cells that make up the lung and serves as
a place of exchange of O2 and CO2. The lungs are
composed of about 300 million alveoli. Alveoli are at the
tip end of the bronchioles in the form of a small pouch on
one side open so as to resemble a foam or honeycomblike. webbed thin alveolar capillary blood and a lot of
empties as the site of gas diffusion.
. Can be seen in Figure 1
A respiratory cycle consists of inspiration and expiration
process [5]. Both inspiration and expiration will cause
changes in lung volume. Changes menkempisnya expands
and shows the mechanism of lung inspiration and
expiration. The figure below shows the mechanism of
inspiration and expiration
Fig 2. Inspiration
Fig 3. Exspiration
Lung function associated with lung ventilation and gas
exchange. Lung ventilation associated with lung volume
measurements. Simple method to measure pulmonary
ventilation is to record the volume of air movement in and
out of the lungs, a process called spirometry and using a
spirometer. Changes in volume of air affects the lungs
power
flowers.
Compliance or pulmonary flower power per liter is the
volume change caused by each change of one unit cmHg
[1, 5]. Flower power also depends on the size of pulmonary
tuberculosis. Flower power baby's lungs are smaller than in
adults, and flower power small-bodied people are also
different from the power of a big flower person [1, 4
-
TLC = total lung capacity in liters;
-
FRC = Funtional residu capacity in liters;
-
h
= height in meter;
-
a
= age in year;
-
w
= weight in kilogram.
Based on table 1, total lung capacity (TLC) is influenced
by the factors gender, age and height. While the factors that
affect functional residual capacity (FRC), ie gender, age,
height and weight.
2.5 Respiratory frequency
2.3 Mathematical equations of air volume
The lung normal volume is influenced by age and the size
of the respiratory system. The men lung volume is greater
than women. At the time of exercise, oxygen uptake can
reach 4-6 liters per minute and the volume of air inspired
per minute can be increased up to twenty-fold. This
situation is achieved by increasing tidal volume and
respiratory frequency. The amount of respiratory air
volume can be influenced by several physical factors such
as gender, age, height and weight. [1, 6].
Based on previous research of the factors affecting the
volume of air the lungs [1, 6], derived a mathematical
model that describes the behavior of the respiratory
parameters. To represent the dynamic lung volume against
time in a state of normal inspiration obtained the following
equation:
VI = FRC + VT (1 − e
VE = FRC + VT
−t⁄
0,5 )
... (1)
−t
(e ⁄0,5 )
Table 1. Mathematical equations of air volume [6].
Category
TLC
FRC
Men
7,956*h-6,948
Women
7,107*h-6,435
Boy
exp(1,3191+1,7383*h)
exp(1,2940+1,7021*h)
7.502*h+0.009*a0.033*w-7.608
5.867*h+0.009*a0.022*w-5.972
exp(-1.8195+1.6779*h)
Keterangan:
III. Design Analysis
Simulation modeling is needed in the respiratory system
includes object modeling and mathematical modeling
(mathematical models). Object modeling required includes
namely respiratory tract model trachea, bronchi and lungs.
... (2)
VI is the volume of air after an inspiration and VE volume
of air the lungs after expiration at a given point of time of
respiratory cycle. FRC is functional residual capacity and
tidal volume VT is the lung - the lung. VT is 10% of the
total lung capacity. The equation used for calculation of
TLC and FRC based on previous studies [6]. This equation
is presented in Table below.
Girl
The amount of air that comes out into the lungs every
breath is referred to as respiratory frequency. In general,
adult respiratory frequency ranges from 15-18 times per
minute. Fast or slow respiratory rate is influenced by
several factors as follows namely age, gender, body
temperature, position and the position and activity [1, 4].
The number of respiratory frequency is divided into 5
categories
[7],
namely:
a. newborn (age <1 year) ie 44 times / minute;
b. infants (aged <2 years) that is 50 times / minute;
c. toddlers (aged <6 years) is 25 times / minute;
d. children (aged <15 years) which is 20 times / minute;
e. adults (age> 15 years) that is 16 times / minute
exp(-2.0159+1.7942*h)
Mathematical modeling of lung volume and respiratory
frequency to be designed must meet the following
requirements.
a. Describing the large volume of air while performing
normal breathing (VT). The amount VT ie 10% of TLC.
b. Describing the minimum air volume and makimum. The
minimum air volume is the volume of air remaining in
lungs at the end of normal expiration (FRC). While the
volume of air makimum an air volume of the lungs after
inspiration (FRC + VT).
c. Includes the volume of air inspiration and expiration.
Volume inspired (VI) is the volume of air the lungs after a
process of inspiration. Expiratory volume (VE) is the
volume of air the lungs after expiration.
d. Describing changes in lung air volume based on input
variables. variable input in the form of human physical
factors that include gender, age, type of activity, height and
weight.
e. Describing changes in respiratory air volume versus
time. The time taken in one cycle of breathing depending
on the frequency of breathing.
f. Illustrates how quickly the process of respiration. This
relates to the frequency of breathing is influenced by the
variables gender, age and type of activity.
g. Describing the change in time (period) inspiration and
expiration, in normal circumstances and in certain
conditions
START
Input variabel
- Jenis kelamin
- Usia
- Tinggi badan
- Berat badan
3.1 The model of object
Jenis
kelamin?
Laki-laki
The model of object respiratory tract include: trachea,
bronchus and lung.
perempuan
ya
ya
Usia <15 ?
Usia >15 ?
tidak
tidak
FRC =
5.867*h+0.009*a –
0.022*w – 5.972
FRC =
5.867*h+0.009*a0.022*w-5.972
FRC = Exp(1.8195+1.67
FRC = Exp(2.0159+1.794)
Tampilan
Volume
FRC
END
Fig 4. The model of object.
Fig 6. Flowchart FRCcalculation
3.2 Mathematical model of air volume and breathing
fekuency
a.
TLC calculation based on the table, can be
explained by the flowchart below.
b.
VT, VI, VE Calculation
-
VT = 10% * TLC
-
VI (t) = FRC+VT * (1-e-t/0.5)
-
VE(t) = FRC + VT* e-t/0.5
START
VI(t)=FRC + VT (1-e-t/0,5) ;
Input variabel
- Jenis kelamin
- Usia
- Tinggi badan
Laki-laki
Jenis
kelamin?
to < t < to + T/2, inspiration.
VUpn(t)
Perempuan
VE(t) = FRC + VT (e-t/0,5) ;
ya
Usia >15 ?
tidak
TLC= 7.956*h 6.948
to + T/2 < t < to + T, ekspiration.
ya
Usia <15 ?
tidak
TLC= Exp(-1.3191
+ 1.7383*h)
TLC= 7.107*h 6.948
TLC= Exp(-1.2940
+ 1.7021*h)
T = 1/f
Begin volume and end volum of the following
analogy:
Tampilan
Volume
TLC
-
V0 = Vupn (min) = FRC
-
V1 = Vupn (max) = FRC + VT
END
3.3 Technical Design
Fig.5 Flowchart TLC calculation
a.
FRC calculation based on the table, can be
explained by the flowchart below.
The process of rendering a visual simulation of respiration
using the OpenGL application programming languages C +
+ and C # and visual studio 2010
.
IV.
Implementation
INPUT
Gender (L/P)
Age (tahun)
Height (meter)
Weight (kg)
Actifity (T/F)
1
2
3
4
5
A
H
W
B
L
7
1,08
35
T
C
L
50
1,67
60
F
Graph of Respiration
Volume (liter)
1.2
1.15
1.1
Fig 7. Display of respiratory tract
1.05
1
0.95
0
2
4
6
8
10
Time (detik)
Fig. 11. Graph of respiration based on input B.
Graph of Respiration
Fig 8. Display of variable input
Volume (liter)
4.2
4
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
time (detik)
Fig. 12. Graph of respiration based on input B.
Fig 9. Display Simulation
V. Conclusion
Fig 10. Display air particle.
Tabel 2. Input variabel.
the Model changes air volume in the lungs can be affected
by a mathematically the variables gender, age, weight,
height, and implemented in visualizing the process of
expansion and contraction of the lungs in the human
respiratory system simulation. Meanwhile, the model of
breathing frequency is used to visualize the duration of the
expansion and contraction of the lungs. Breathing period
(T) is a time taken for a single breathing that consists of the
time for inspiration and expiration. These inspiration and
expiration times may be modified and adapted to model
various physical conditions and needs of the humans.
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________________,
Ideal Weight Chart,
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ideal-weightchart.html http: , diakses 5 januari 2011 jam 21
WIB.
[8]
________________, Respiratory System, http:// id.
Images.search.yahoo.com/search/images; , diakses
11 november 2010 jam 03.00 WIB.
*Resposible Author : lilis.warliah@yahoo.co.id