SOME IMPORTANT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FACTS TO KNOW
WRITE ANSWERS TO ALL-COMPLETE SENTENCE NOT NECESSARY
1. Distinguish between the four events of respiration.
2. Define diffusion. How does it apply to respiration?
3. Be able to label the respiratory system. (Picasso)
4. Mediastinum? 3 parts to pharynx?
5. Scientific terms for: Throat?
Windpipe?
Voicebox?
Breathing?
6. Shape of cartilage rings and function of the cartilage and its shape?
7. Epiglottis’ function?
8. Cardiac notch? Hilum? Name fissures. # of lobes in each lung?
9. Name and location of 2 pleura?
10. Atmospheric pressure? Be able to calculate mm Hg when % of the gas is known
11. What is meant by negative pressure breathing? What are 3 causes of negative pressure in
intrapleural space? (1 pulls lungs out…2 pull for collapse)
12. Pneumothorax?
13. What are the respiratory muscles? What happens when stimulated to contract? Nerve to
each?
14. What is surfactant? Function? Problem encountered in preemies regarding alveoli?
15. Spirometer? TV? # of ml? IRV? ERV? RV? TLC? VC?
16. Anatomical and Physiological Dead Space?
17. Know non-respiratory air movements -hiccup, cough, sneeze, yawn.
18. BRIEFLY identify Boyle’s Law? Dalton’s Law? Henry’s Law? Charles’ Law? Know
applications of each law.
19. Know from least to most soluble in blood-Nitrogen, Oxygen. and Carbon dioxide.
20. Hyperbaric oxygen chamber? Used in what problems?
21. Exactly what happens to deep sea divers under water? What if they rise too rapidly?
22. 2 important properties of the membrane in gas exchange? (Moist/large SA)
23. What determines the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood per minute? (4) p718
24. Describe 4 ways form and function are related in the respiratory system.
25. 2 ways O2 is carried?
26. # of ml of dissolved O2 /100 ml of blood? # of ml of Oxygen carried by hemoglobin?
27. Describe and differentiate between hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin, and myoglobin. (BOX 24.5)
28. What % of O2 is released during one systemic circuit? Venous reserve?
29. How/why does CO kill? What color do people become when this occurs? (Cherry red-surprising
since they are hypoxic but not the bluish color-cyanotic-associated with hypoxia.)
30. Explain the diving reflex. (BOX 24.6)
31. 3 methods of CO2 transport? Haldane effect? Bohr effect? p727
32. How is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system important?
33. Draw the RBC-carbonic anhydrase, chloride shift, etc. diagram
34. What respiratory centers are in the medulla? What respiratory centers are in the pons?
35. How are the following involved in initiating breathing or the rate of breathing…CO 2, O2, pH
36. What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?
37. Involuntary and voluntary respiratory brain centers?
38. Define hypoxia, apnea, eupnea, dyspnea, Cheyne Stokes breathing, hyperpnea,
hyperventilation, and hypoventilation.
39. What is meant by PO2? PCO2? PN2?
40. What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?
41. What and where are 2 vascular shunts that allow fetal lungs to be bypassed? We studied these
earlier (Ductus arteriosus and Foramen ovalis)
42. Identify the following clinical terms:
SIDS
Tracheotomy/Tracheostomy
Heimlich Maneuver
COPD
43. How does emphysema reduce the surface area of the lungs?
44. Causative factor of emphysema and lung cancer in MOST cases?
45 Pages 719 and 726 diagrams
46. What makes the lungs decrease in volume (“tendency to collapse”) after inspiration?
47. What pulls the lungs toward the thorax walls during inspiration? Pull away during expiration?
48. What happens to the thorax during inspiration and during expiration?
49. How/where do O2 and CO2 attach to hemoglobin?
50. Association and dissociation of oxygen?