Introduction to Chemistry
Chem 003A
Fall 2011
Instructor: Brett Williams
Lecture: MW 6:00 PM-6:55 PM
in Cunningham 301
Laboratory: MW 7:00 PM-9:55 PM
in Cunningham 305
Two ways to reach me:
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E-mail: balero01@cs.com
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E-mail: bwilliams@deltacollege.edu
Course is comprised of:
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Lectures
Problem Sets
Assigned Homework
Quizzes
Lab Exercises
Lab Experiments
Worksheets
4 Exams and 1 Final Exam
Lectures
Presented on power point overheads
 Lecture notes are available in hard copy
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To download files, go to this adjunct faculty
site: www.deltacollege.edu/emp/bwilliams
 Not required for class, but recommended
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Lecture notes complement the
textbook/assignments but attendance
is essential to get all of the information
you need
Problem Sets
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Subsequent to specific lectures
Several practice problems associated with
the current lecture topic
Some problems sets will be covered in class
Some of the problem sets can be submitted
for credit
Problems sets are to assist you (supplement)
with homework assignments in the text
Not every type of chapter problem is
represented on the problem sets
Homework
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Assigned for each chapter
Problems are placed near the beginning of
each power point lecture presentation
All odd numbered answers are placed at
the end of the book
HW will not be collected or graded
HW is not mandatory but if you don’t do
the HW it may affect your performance on
the quizzes and/or exams
Quizzes
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Five Chapter Quizzes
 20 points each
 No make-ups
Based on the homework assignments for
that chapter
20-30 minutes long
Given during the first hour
The best 4 of 5 chapter quizzes are used in
your total score
Two additional quizzes for Chapter 5 only:
Name and Formula Quizzes
Other Lab Assignments
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Lab Exercises
 Ten (total) exercises
 10 points each
 Most will originate from your lab textbook
 Some exercises will be provided to you
Worksheets
 Not collected or graded
 To be completed during lab period
 A review to prepare for exams
Experiments
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Ten (total) experiments
20 Points Each
 Labs reports are due in one week; if an
experiment is completed on Tuesday,
the report is due the following week
(next Tuesday)
 60 % rule: A student must meet this
minimum score in lab to pass the
course. No exceptions
 The best 9 out of 10 experiments are
used in your total score
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Exams
 Four
exams
Based
on the chapters which
are listed in the syllabus
100 points each
All exams count in total score
Time: 2 hours to complete
Final Exam
 Monday,
3
Dec
th
26 ,
Hours
 Cumulative Exam
 200 points
*6 PM
Grading Scale
(Based on 1000 possible points)
90.0 - 100 %
75.0 - 89.9 %
60.0 - 74.9 %
50.0 - 59.9%
< 50.0 %
A
B
C
D
F
Required Materials
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Textbook: Introductory Chemistry, 2nd ed. by
Tro
Laboratory Manual: Foundations of
Chemistry in the Laboratory, 13th ed. by
M. Hein, et al
Calculator
Safety Goggles & Lock
Laboratory Policy
No one may participate in lab wearing
open toe / heel shoes. Watch what
you wear on lab days. If you have
inappropriate attire, you will NOT be
allowed to complete the lab
 Goggles must be worn during all lab
experiments
 Your attendance and participation is
expected
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Chapter 1
The
Chemical World
Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
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Chemistry
 The study of the properties and the behavior of
chemicals (matter)
 The composition, structure, and reactions of
chemicals
 The connection between properties of a
substance and the properties of the particles
that compose it
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Why does Soda Pop Fizz?
Why is water a liquid?
Why is a sunset red?
All Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules
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All things around you are composed of atoms
(matter)
Atoms bond together to form molecules
How atoms are bonded and the types of atoms
present determine the properties of a substance
Chemistry occurs around you everyday and
affects everything you use and do.
It helps us to understand the connection between
our world and the world of atoms and molecules
The properties of matter are analyzed by:
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Macroscopic: Where observations are made (what we
see)
Microscopic: The atoms and molecules that compose
matter (atomic level)
Chemical Processes
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Chemical processes (reactions) occur in nature and
happen around you all of the time
The molecular interactions create your experience
Chemistry (reactions) occurs when
 food is cooked or baked
 chlorine is added to a pool
 batteries are used in a flashlight/radio
 salt is added to sidewalks and roads
 bleach is added to laundry
Chemical Processes
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In nature
 fermentation by microbes which
converts sugars to alcohols
 photosynthesis by plants to convert
sunlight energy into chemical energy
 leaves changing color due to the
interaction of different pigments
Chemical Processes
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In laboratories and in manufacturing
 gasoline refining (distillation)
 development of synthetic fibers (nylon,
dacron)
 new pharmaceuticals (design and
synthesis)
 water purification (water softening)
 agriculture/food production (pesticides,
fungicides, herbicides)
Chemistry and Chemicals
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Everything around you is composed of chemicals
A chemical is a material used or produced in a
chemical process (laboratory, manufacturing or
natural).
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It consists of two or more chemical elements bound in a fixed
ratio; they have a unique and defined chemical structure
It cannot be separated any further without breaking chemical
bonds
It is a pure substance: same composition and properties
throughout (not a mixture with a variable composition)
It can be a solid, liquid, or a gas
Substances that were developed by chemists are in
use everyday
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Soaps, toothpaste, lotion, clothing
Scientific Disciplines
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Science is the study in which humans
attempt to explain knowledge about
themselves and their surroundings
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Facts are organized and explained, in a
systematic and logical manner
It is an attempt to understand (better)
how nature works
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Through observation of physical evidence
(phenomena)
Experiments to simulate events under
controlled conditions
Scientific Disciplines
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Science covers an
enormous range of
accumulated
information which is
divided into branches
called scientific
disciplines
Chemistry is one of
the branches of
science (botany,
geology, physics,
zoology)
The Scientific Method
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Most scientific and technological advances are
through the use of experimentation as a method
of problem-solving
In general, no two scientist will approach a
problem exactly in the same manner
Scientist (chemists) use a method of learning that
emphasizes observation and experimentation:
The Scientific Method
These are the guidelines for the practice of
science to achieve systematic experimentation
The Scientific Method
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Scientific Method: A set of procedures (steps)
used to acquire knowledge and explain an
observable fact
The process (steps):
1) Observations: Identify the problem and plan
procedures to obtain information
 Collect Data: Observe, describe, and take
measurements (data)
 Organize data to find patterns in the information
2) Once sufficient data is collected, form a hypothesis
 A hypothesis is a possible model or statement
that offers an explanation for the observations
The Scientific Method:
Hypothesis, Theory, Law
3) Experiments: A well-defined, controlled procedure to
obtain information
 To validate the hypothesis perform more
experiments
 If an experiment is performed under exactly the
same conditions, the same results (facts) should
occur
 If results are different than predicted, modify or
propose a new hypothesis
4) Theory
 A hypothesis that has been tested and validated
over a long period of time
 Hypothesis evolves to theory if experiments are
repeated and confirm the hypothesis
The Scientific Method:
Hypothesis, Theory, Law
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If after extensive testing
the reliability of a
hypothesis become very
high, it will evolve to a
theory
A theory allows a scientist
to predict the outcome of
proposed experiments
If results of future
experiments conflict with
the current theory it must
either be modified,
restated, or even
replaced
The Scientific Method:
Hypothesis, Theory, Law
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After determining what facts are known about a
selected problem, more experimentation is
performed to obtain more information
More facts are obtained. Look for repeating
patterns among the collected facts
If a large number of facts are tied together, it can
eventually lead to a single generalized
statement
Law: A concise, verbal statement that
summarizes facts about a natural phenomenon
Using the Scientific Method
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In Summary:
Identify the problem and plan procedures to obtain
information
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Collect data through observation and experimentation
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Qualitative: Do not involve a number
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Quantitative: Involve measurements
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Analyze and organize the data to summarize
observations (form generalizations)
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Suggest probable explanations (form a hypothesis)
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Experiment further to prove or disprove the proposed
explanations
ExampleII
Example
Topic: Does the amount of sunlight a
tomato plant receives affect the size of the
tomatoes?
 You have observed the plants in the
garden exposed to more sunlight appear
to grow larger
 Hypothesis: “The more sunlight a tomato
plant receives, the larger its tomatoes will
grow.”
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Example
ExampleII
Your hypothesis is based on the fact that
tomato plants need sunshine to produce
food (photosynthesis)
 The tomato plants exposed to more
sunlight appear to grow larger
 Set up an experiment with two sets of
plants. Both receive the same care with
one set exposed to more sunlight
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Example I
Collect your data and summarize your
results
 Conclusion: The hypothesis is supported
by the data or it can be rejected (not
supported by the data)
 The hypothesis cannot be proven with one
experiment
 The original hypothesis can be supported
by the collected data
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ExampleIIII
Example
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Topic: You have probably noticed
(observed) that soda pop fizzes
when the bottle is opened.
Step 1: State the problem. Why
does soda pop fizz?
Step 2: Gather information (data).
 Examine soda pop’s properties.
 Its color, taste, etc.
 It bubbles and fizzes when
opened.
 Examine soda’s composition.
Example II
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Step 3: Organize the information (data).
 All the material around you is composed
of chemicals.
 The three main chemical ingredients of
soda pop are water, sugar, and carbon
dioxide
Sugar = sweetness
Water = liquid
Carbon dioxide = gas
Example II
 Step
4: Look for patterns.
 Structure
determines properties, so
the fizzing of soda must have something
to do with its composition
 Carbon dioxide, a component of the
soda (carbonated beverages), is a gas
 We know that:
If we blow air, a gas, into water,
bubbles form.
Bubbles are like soda fizz.
Example II
Step 5: Propose a hypothesis.
 Based on the fact that the only gas in
soda is carbon dioxide:
“The reason soda pop fizzes is because
the carbon dioxide is coming out of the
soda.”
 Step 6: Test your hypothesis.
 How would you set up an experiment to
test it?
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Benefits to Studying Chemistry
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To further understand our world and its impact on our
daily living (health care, natural resources,
environmental protection, food supply)
Provides insight into other areas of modern science
and technology
Learn Problem-Solving Skills
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The ability to solve complicated chemistry
problems can be applied to other types of
problem-solving
Help you develop a systematic approach to scientific
thought (logical, analytical)
 Enhances your ability to predict future events
based on patterns of behavior
A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
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Some memorization is required:
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Learn the terms (vocabulary)
Ask why things occur in nature
Calculation Required:
 Problem solving will include conceptual checkpoints,
sample problems, and student exercises
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Commitment: Use Active Learning: Read the
text, attend lecture and practice “problem
solving” regularly
Class: Problem sets, exercises
Learning Chemistry
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Develop your own study plan
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Do the recommended problems
Your confidence and problem solving skills
are enhanced through repetition
Don’t expect to grasp every concept the first
time you see it
Read the text, come to class
Ask questions
Homework
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“Conceptual Checkpoint 1.1” (a, b, c, d)
“Checkpoints” succeed certain chapter sections
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“Exercises”
1-13 (odd only)
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“Problems”
15-19 (odd only)