FOREIGN POLICY
Chapter 17
The President and U.S. Foreign Policy
• The Constitution of the United States doesn't
say anything about "foreign policy," but it does
make clear who is in charge of America's official
relationship with the rest of the world.
• Article II of the Constitution says the president
has the power to:
– make treaties with other countries (with consent of the
Senate),
– appoint ambassadors to other countries (with consent
of the Senate),
– and receive ambassadors from other countries.
• Article II also establishes the president as
commander-in-chief of the military, which gives
him or her a lot of control over how the United
States interacts with the world
President Leads on Foreign Policy
Chief Foreign Policy Advisor
Secretary Of State
Senate Scrutiny
• All Treaties must be approved by the
Senate with a 2/3 vote.
Who negotiates and approves of
Foreign Policy
• President
– Dept. Of State
– CIA
– NSA
• Senate
– Approval
What are the four main goals of
Foreign Policy
• Protect the country----Protect ourselves from
foreign invasion
• Carrying Out Trade--- A two way road of
dependency.
• Maintaining a balance of power---– Foreign Aid---Economic and Military
– Defend Allies
– Overthrow governments considered hostile
• Promote Democracy--- Promote liberty and
human rights throughout the world.
Hawks vs. Doves
• How should the US be involved.
Dove Approach
• Carrots & Sticks
How we achieve a desired outcome
with foreign policy?
• Diplomacy Peaceful negotiations using
economic rewards and penalties.
– Economic Sanctions
– Embargo
• Military Force ---When diplomacy fails we
sometimes resort to military force.
History of American Foreign Policy
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Imperialism
WWI
Isolationism
WWII
UN
Containment
– Korea
– Cuban Missile Crisis
– Vietnam
– Promote stability in the Middle
East
– Loosening of tensions
Why is there Anti-American
Sentiment in the Middle East?
• Culture and Religion
• Cold War Foreign Policy
– Overthrow of Leader of Iran (Mosaddegh)
and Installation of Shah
– Enemy of my enemy is my friend
• Al Queda vs. Soviet Union
– Operation Cyclone
• Saddam vs. Iran
– Establishment of Israel
Post Cold War
• No more enemies?
– Al Queda Grows
Terrorist Timeline
• 1993 –1st Attack on
Trade Center
– Response
1998– Kenyan and Tanzanian
embassies blown up
2000– USS Cole Blown Up
The Day That Changed Foreign
Policy
• September 11, 2001
Foreign Policy of the Modern Era
• Operation Enduring Freedom
– Clear Link---Global Support
• Other Ways we are fighting Terrorism
War Within The War—Operation
Iraqi Freedom
• Bush #41
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The Dangerous Iraq
Where is Kuwait and Iraq
Saddam Hussein Invades Kuwait
Operation Desert Shield/Storm
End Of War-----UN Resolution 1441
• Clinton
– Operation Desert Fox
– To degrade Saddam Hussein's ability to make and to use
weapons of mass destruction. To diminish Saddam Hussein's
ability to wage war against his neighbors. To demonstrate to
Saddam Hussein the consequences of violating international
obligations.
Reasons The President Gave
• Brutal Dictator
• Enforce Policies of UN so the UN doesn’t
appear weak.(more on this)
• Posed a threat to US (Al Queda
Connection and WMD based on Pre-War
Intelligence)
• Promote Democracy in the Middle East
Intelligence Report
• The intelligence services of the US,
France, Russia, Germany, Great Britain
and Israel reported that Iraq had failed to
properly account for the totality of its past
proscribed weapons programs, and in
doing so left open the possibility that Iraq
might retain an undetermined amount of
WMD.
Congress Authorizes the War
• http://thomas.loc.gov/cgibin/bdquery/z?d107:HJ00114:@@@X
Reasons Not To Go
• Unilateral (by ourselves) Action is not the
way to go.
– This action did not have the international
support that Desert Shield/Storm did.
• Use diplomacy including broader
economic sanctions to make Saddam
Comply with 1441
• Military action would be a violation of
International Law.
Short Answer Question
4 Sentence Minimum
10 Points
• If you were a member of Congress, would
you have authorized the war with the
intelligence presented?
Pre-War Intelligence
• Flawed.
Senate Investigation
• The Senate investigation of 10 years worth
of intelligence pointing to WMD’s was
flawed.
Internal Civil War
• Sunni & Shiite
• Iranian Threat and
Support
Short Answer Question
4 Sentence Minimum
10 Points
• If you were a member of Congress, would
you have authorized the Surge with the
intelligence presented?
The Surge
• The five U.S. Army brigades committed to Iraq as part of
the surge were
• 2nd Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division: Deployed to
Baghdad, January 2007
• 4th Brigade, 1st Infantry Division: Deployed to Baghdad,
February 2007
• 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division: Deployed to southern
Baghdad Belts, March 2007
• 4th Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division: Deployed to Diyala
province, April 2007
• 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division: Deployed to the
southeast of Baghdad, May 2007
Surge Results
Fears of leaving too early
• Iraq will not be able to provide adequate
security to stop violence between the rival
factions.
• Iraq will not be able to provide adequate
defense from Iranian threat.
• Both of the above lead to an unstable Iraq
that could become a haven for Terrorists.
Fears of Staying Too Long
• Iraq will never be encouraged to provide
their own security and simply rely on the
US military.
• The long-term presence of troops appears
to be more of an occupation than a
liberation.
Iraq Today
• President Obama plans to draw down
forces leaving between 35,000 to 50,000
residual forces serving in a training or
advisory role to the Iraqi military by August
2010.
Support Moving Forward
• "From what I know about it, I agree with it.“
– John McCain (Rep)
• Mr Obama has outlined "a responsible
approach that retains the flexibility to
reconsider troop levels and to respond to
changes in the security environment".
– John Boehner (Rep)
Criticism Moving Forward
• Some of the President’s fellow democrats have
criticized the draw down plan.
• Nancy Pelosi of California (Dem), the House
speaker, was particularly upset. She kicked off
the public criticism on Wednesday by saying she
did not understand “the justification” for 50,000
troops.
• “I’m happy to listen to the secretary of defense
and the president, but when they talk about
50,000, that’s a little higher number than I
anticipated,” Senator Harry Reid (Dem).
Short Answer Question
4 Sentence Minimum
10 Points
• If you were President, how would you
handle the situation in Iraq with regard to
troop levels.
Operation Cyclone
• United States Central Intelligence Agency
program to arm the Afghan mujahideen
during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, 1979
to 1989.
Operation Enduring Freedom
• Afghanistan
– Taliban
• US objectives were to make clear to
Taliban leaders that the harboring of
terrorists is unacceptable,
• Finally, military force would help facilitate
the delivering of humanitarian supplies to
the Afghan people
Afghanistan Today
• 2009 February - Up to 20 Nato countries
pledge to increase military and other
commitments in Afghanistan after USA
announces dispatch of 17,000 extra
troops.
North Korea
• 1994 - Death of Kim Il-sung. Kim Jong-il
suceeds him as leader, but doesn't take
presidential title. North Korea agrees to
freeze nuclear programme in return for
$5bn worth of free fuel and two nuclear
reactors.
North Korea Today
• 2009 APRIL - NORTH KOREA LAUNCHES A
ROCKET CARRYING WHAT IT SAYS IS A
COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE; ITS
NEIGHBOURS ACCUSE IT OF TESTING
LONG-RANGE MISSILE TECHNOLOGY.
AFTER CRITICISM OF THE LAUNCH FROM
THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL, NORTH KOREA
WALKS OUT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SIXPARTY TALKS AIMED AT WINDING UP ITS
NUCLEAR PROGRAMME.
North Korean Trading Partner
• Iran
Iran
• Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is the figurehead
– Has denied the Holocaust ever occurred
– In his December 2005 World without Zionism
Speech called for Israel to be “wiped off the map”
– Has recently began a nuclear enrichment program
which he claims is for energy production
– #1 state sponsor of Terrorism
– Imam Mahdi, to return and "wipe away
oppression."
– Islamic Shiite rule over the entire world even
speculating on specific dates the so-called
"Mahdi" will be revealed.
United Nations
• Developed out of the League of nations
Parts of the UN
• General Assembly-- Forum for discussion
among all member nations.
Security Council
• Most important body in the UN
– Five permanent and ten temporary members
who handle disputes and take action
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US
Russia
British
France
China
Secretariat
• Administrative Branch
of the UN
– Headed by the
Secretary General
• 5year term
• Chosen by General
Assembly on
recommendation of the
Security Council
• Ban Ki-Moon
Trusteeship Council
• Originally created to oversee the defeated
axis powers territories. There are none
today.
International Court of Justice(World
Court)
• Hague Netherlands
NATO
Free Trade?
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To help you answer the question, try searching the Web using these
key words:
"free trade"
"trade pacts"
"trade agreements"
"globalization"
"World Trade Organization"
"trade" AND "advantages disadvantages"
"trade" AND "good bad"
"trade" AND "pro con"
The following questions will help guide your thinking:
Does free trade help to reduce poverty?
How does free trade affect the environment?
What effect has globalization had on human rights issues?
Do trade agreements affect developing and wealthy nations differently?