Recognizing:
Incorporating Source Citations
Dr. Wesley Buerkle
To Recognize
“That’s one!”
Give props
Where we’re NOT going
Textual ownership
Non-native English speakers (EL2)
Cryptomnesia
Intentional Plagiarism
Where we ARE going
Literature on Inadvertent Plagiarism
Study 1: “Why do(n’t) you cite?”
Study 2: Using Training Modules
Study 3: Peer Modeling
What we can do
Inadvertent Plagiarism
Uncertainty
Incompetence
Indifference
Troublesome
“Why do(n’t) you cite?”
Students’ Decision Process
“Why do(n’t) you cite?”
Surveyed 326 ETSU students from
gen. ed., oral communication classes
Examined likely intent to cite from
Expected Outcomes
Social Norm
Confidence
“Why do(n’t) you cite?”
Expected Outcomes
Citing
sources
will
enhance
credibility
Social Norm
 Citing source will enhance my credibility
Confidence
• (6.2 [1 to 7])
 Increasing my credibility is desirable
• (2.5 (-3 to +3])
“Why do(n’t) you cite?”
Expected Outcomes
Teacher
Social Norm
Classmate
Confidence
“Why do(n’t) you cite?”
Expected Outcomes
Social Norm
Counterproductive
Confidence
 ??
Using Training
*
Modules
Education Makes a Difference
*Funded by a grant from ETSU’s Instructional Development Committee
Using Training Modules
308 ETSU students
Instructional materials & mastery quiz
Required of every student
Before first assignment
Ticket to ride
Using Training Modules
Online training (D2L)
What constitutes plagiarism
Basic elements of a citation
Paraphrasing
Citations for web sources
Using secondary sources
Using Training Modules
Mastery Quiz (D2L)
12 questions
 38 question bank
Determined sections (11)
Mastery = 100%
For a speech on the role of peer pressure in high school
students’ decision to drink excessively, which of the
following is the MOST appropriate to use in a speech?
A. Arata, Stafford, and Tims write in Adolescence, 2003, that “Problem
drinkers reported greater susceptibility to peer pressure.”
B. An article in Adolescence, a premier journal on teen behavior,
contained an article in 2003 that “Problem drinkers reported greater
susceptibility to peer pressure.”
C. Arata, Stafford, and Tims, respected researchers in the field of
psychology, write in 2003, “Problem drinkers reported greater
susceptibility to peer pressure.”
D. In Adolesence, 2003, pages 567-569, it says that “Problem drinkers
reported greater susceptibility to peer pressure.”
Using Training Modules
Speeches recorded and scored
Success!
Average 13% improvement
Varied widely by instructor
Up to 25% improvement
Peer
*
Modeling
Students See, Students Do
*Funded by grants from ETSU’s Instructional Development Committee
& Research Development Committee
Peer Modeling
191 students
Students saw either
a video of an “ETSU student” speech
a video of a “Purdue student” speech
no video
Peer Modeling
Speeches recorded and scored
Success!
Having a model made a difference
Seeing the “ETSU student” improved scores
Students want to be credible
Students are unsure of the how
What, then, do we know?
Students can learn to recognize
Social (classroom) norms matter
What We Can Do
Possibilities
Talk about the Importance
of Recognizing
Why recognizing is important
Ethical
Practical (e.g., credibility)
Treat recognizing with importance
Policy and/or grade
Using D2L – TurnItIn
Imperfect but very helpful
Can help students be more aware
Frame as instructional not punitive
Literature Review – DRAFT
Literature Review – FINAL
Focus on Training
Spend time on the process
Provide examples
Require evidence of mastery
D2L Quiz
Minor assignment
In-class exercises
Modeling
Bad Modeling
Better Modeling
Books/Articles
Books/Articles
Minimize recognition
 Endnotes
 String citations
 May not “openly
name” researchers
Talk about incorporation
 Examples
 They Say/I Say
Address the readings
 Their goals
Modeling
Bad Modeling
Better Modeling
Lectures
Lectures
We don’t recognize
Recognize sources
 Unquestioned expert
PowerPoint
 Citation slides
 Page addresses
PowerPoint
 Recognize
• Non-parenthetical
Questions
Comments
Discussion