READING
Phonemic Awareness
Word Recognition
Comprehension
Hope M. Koppers
Reading is a complex and
intentional activity involving
the eyes, brain and mind.



Phonemic Awareness
Word Recognition
Comprehension
PHONEMIC AWARENESS
The ability to identify & manipulate sounds.
most important factor in learning reading
 greater predictor of success than I. Q.
 phonemic awareness level in kindergarten
can predict levels of achievement up to 10
years later

Components
 Sound
comparison
 Phoneme
segmentation
 Phonemic
blending
Sound Comparison
 Rhyming
 Comparison
ending
of beginnings &
Rhyming
 Songs
 Nursery
 Riddles
 Books
 Visuals
Rhymes
Book – Hungry Thing
Comparison
 Initial
consonant
 Final
consonant
Segmentation
 Counting
 Pronouncing
 Deleting
 Adding
 Changing
Stretching – Elkonin Method
Stretching – Hope’s Method
Phonemic Blending
 One
Skill Only
 Teacher
says separate sounds and
students put sounds together to
identify word.
WORD RECOGNITION
The speed and accuracy in
decoding and recognition of words
are significant factors in improved
reading comprehension.
 Phonetic
decoding
 High Frequency Words
Reading material changes as
children enter higher grades.
Phonetic Decoding
 Synthetic
r - e - d
k - n -o – w ?
 Analytic
- pronounceable word-parts
- building words
Other Methods
 Analogy
or Compare & Contrast
 Structural Analysis
DISSECT
1.
Discover the Context
2.
Isolate the Prefix
3.
Separate the Suffix
4.
Say the Stem
5.
Examine the Stem
Rules of 2’s and 3’s
- starts with vowel
separate first 2 letters
and read, continue
-
starts with consonant
separate first 3 letters,
read, continue
trans at/lan/ tic
al ter/na/ tor
6. Check
7. Try Dictionary
 Context Clues
I saw a cow at the farm.
I saw a cow at the farm.
I saw a cow at the farm.
High Frequency Words
 Lacks
meaning
 Confused
 Spelling
with other words
often not a clue
Methods for Teaching
 Word Wall Words
 Word Association
 VAKT
(visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Find word in dictionary.
Teacher writes word on paper, saying
syllables,
and traces word, saying syllables.
Student traces, saying syllables. Repeat….
Writes from memory.
Compares with teacher’s.
Word filed in box.
THE THREE P’S
When reading with a child, a method
called The Three P’s is suggested for
helping.
P - pause
P - prompt
P - praise
COMPREHENSION
 Understand
 Makes
the meaning of text
sense of the information
Strategy Instruction




Teacher:
Explains strategy
Demonstrates how to apply strategy
Think aloud to model mental process
used when reading
Guided practice
General Comprehension Methods
 Connections
 Making
predictions
 Monitoring understanding
 Visualizing
 Questioning
 Retelling/Summarizes
Connections

Connections to self, other text, to world

Connections to characters

New knowledge is constructed on basis
of knowledge student already has.
Connection to Text
Connection to Characters
Methods of Connections
 Web
 Preview
 KWL
Chart
Making Predictions
 Use
prior knowledge and
information to make logical
guesses.
 Revise
predictions as they read.
Methods of Making Predictions
 KWL
 Preview
 DRTA (Directed
Activity)
Reading-Thinking
 McMillan
Equation
Monitoring Understanding
 Ability
of reader to recognize when
comprehension is breaking down
and being able to “fix” it.
Methods of Monitoring Understanding
 Mark
points in text that are confusing
and reread.
 Determine interference and read
ahead.
 Check & Line
 HUH?
 McMillans
Questioning

Questions are produced by reader as
they read.
Methods:
 Ask about who, what, where, content &
problems
 QAR (Question/Answer Relationship)
 ERT (Everyone Read to…)
Visualization/Imaging

Reader creates a picture in mind to
prompt understanding, recall and
appreciation.

Imaging includes visual, auditory, or
other senses.


Draw Picture
McMillan Chart
Retelling/Summarizing

Readers identify main ideas and details
of selections. Summary is main idea.

Prompts
- Pretend I never heard the story. Tell
me it.
- Tell me what you learned from
reading.
Retelling with Props
 Inference
 Reader
reads between the lines.
 Makes
a judgment, discovers a
theme, makes discoveries without
direct comment from the writer.
 Takes
clues from the text.
Other Methods
 DRA (Directed
Reading Activity)
 DR-TA (Directed Reading-Thinking
Activity)
 SQ3R
 Cloze
 Graphic Organizer
“Sometimes you have to put the
science of reading on the side to
enjoy the art of reading.”