Unit 2
• What is Manifest Destiny?
Glossary
Westward Expansion
Manifest Destiny - God’s will to expand from sea to sea
From Whom and How?
Land
From Whom?
When?
How?
Louisiana Territory
France
1803
Pres. Jefferson
purchased for $15
mil.
Florida
Spain
1810-1819
Given by Spain
Red River Basin
Great Britain
1818
Ceded in Convention
of 1818
Texas
Mexico
1845
Mexican-American
War
Oregon
Great Britain
1846
Treaty with Britain
Mexican Cession
Mexico
1848
Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Gadsden Purchase
Mexico
1853
Purchased for $10
mil.
Motivations
• California Gold Rush
1849
– 1,000s head west to get
rich
• Mormons head to Utah
– Escape from religious
persecution
• Land was very cheap
and plentiful
• Oregon Trail
Transportation
Transportation Systems:
– Rivers & Roads
– Canals & Railroads
• Moved:
– Travelers, Agricultural,
Goods
• Connected:
– Farms, Towns, Cities
Fueled the Civil War:
• Created:
– Local & Regional
Economies, and Sectional
Jealousies & Rivalries
Native American Displacement
President Andrew Jackson
Policies:
• Indian Removal Act
– Provided Federal money
to move all Indians to the
Great Plains
• Trail of Tears
– Moving GA, SC, and NC
Cherokee Indians to
Oklahoma Territory
Changing American Character
• State Pride  National Pride  Nationalism
Put state
Put nation
Put nation
above nation above state
above state
and self
Unit 2
EOC Practice
It roughly doubled the size of the United States at
the time and meant that the US could focus on
westward expansion rather than strictly
depending on trade with foreign nations. What
was it?
a. The Gadsden Purchase
b. Land Ordinance of 1785
c. The Louisiana Purchase
d. Oregon Territory
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• Divided Northwest
Territory
– IL, OH, IN, MI, WI
• Set up guidelines for
states entering the
Union
MI
WI
MI
IL
IN
OH
Missouri Compromise
1819
• Should MO be slave or • 36˚30 ˚ N
free?
– Any new state above:
Free
• MO slave with Maine
– Any new state below:
free
Slave
Monroe Doctrine
• 1823
• President Monroe
• Warning:
– All outside powers stay
out of Western
Hemisphere
– U.S. would stay outs of
European issues
Native American Relations
• Assimilation– Become a part of
American culture/society
• Revolt
– Fight back against
persecution
• Black Hawk War
– Aug. 1832
– Illinois
– 200 Native Americans
killed
Native American Relations
• Sand Creek Massacre
– 1861
– 270 Cheyenne killed
• Women and Children
• Battle of Little Big Horn
– 1876
– Sioux Warriors v. Gen.
Custer
– Crazy Horse
– “Custer’s Last Stand”
– 200 Americans killed
Native American Relations
• Wounded Knee
– 1890
– Sitting Bull
– “Ghost Dance”
• Return buffalo and banish
Whites
– Sioux v. Americans
• Gun fight
• 14 killed (including Sitting
Bull)
– Mass fire
• 150 men, women, children
killed
• Unarmed
Native American Relations
• Dawes Act
– Break up reservations
– Divide land among N.A.
families
– Become US citizens
– Didn’t work
• N.A. wanted to remain a
tribe
Trails West
• Santa Fe Trail
– 780 miles
– Independence, Missouri
to Santa Fe, New Mexico
– Very dangerous
– Attacks from Kiowa &
Comanche
– Wagons worked
together to reach Santa
Fe
Trails West
• Oregon Trail
– Independence, Missouri
to Portland, Oregon
– Took months
– Fever, Diarrhea, Cholera
– 5,000 Settlers (8 years)
Unit 2
EOC Practice
What was distinctive about the Battle of Little
Bighorn?
a. It was one of the few battles that ended with Native
Americans surrendering and being relocated to
reservations.
b. It was the battle in which the famed chief, Sitting
Bull, was killed.
c. It marked the Native American peoples’ largest and
last victory over US military force in the West.
d. It inspired passage of the Dawes Act.
Unit 2
Review
• Name one danger/obstacle faced on the Santa
Fe Trail and the Oregon Trail. (2 total)
Oregon
• President Polk v. Great
Britain
• “Fifty-Four Forty or
Fight”
– Latitude 54”40’
– North Oregon line
Texas Revolution
1. Americans went to Texas
– Land Grants
• Prevent border violations &
N.A. attacks
• Sold cheap land to
Americans
Texas Revolution
2. Revolt
–
Tariff on American
imports
Texans wanted Salutary
Neglect
Alamo – Pres. Santa
Anna lead attack
–
–
•
–
187 Americans died
Texans later defeated
Mexican Army
Texas Revolution
3. Republic of Texas
–
Separate Country
4. Annexation
–
–
America absorbed
Texas
Issue- Slave or nonSlave?
Mexican-American War
• Pres. James K. Polk
– Wanted more land (NM
and CA)
– Manifest Destiny
• US and Mexico
disagreed about the
Texas/Mexico border
• Congress declared war 1847
Mexican-American War
• NM fell w/out a shot being
fired
• CA fell after a small group of
Americans seized Sonoma
(Republic of California)
• Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
– US got NM, CA, TX (to Rio
Grande), NV, UT, AZ, CO, WY
• Gadsden Purchase – Small
area south of Gila Rv.
Unit 2
Page 194 & 216
• What is sectionalism?
• What is the American System?
Industrial Revolution
• Social and economic
reorganization
– Machines replaced hand
tools
– Large-scale factory
production
• Started in G.B.
– 18th c.
• Eli Whitney –
interchangeable parts
– Exactly alike
• Mass Production
– Large quantities
North v. South v. West
• Sectionalism
– Different regional characteristics
North
• Manufacturing Centers
– Women worked and
lived there
– Family farms couldn’t
afford to keep them
• Textile Mills
• No need for slaves
– 1804 – Abolished
• Finance
– Banks/Professionals
South
• Antebellum (before the
Civil War)
• Eli Whitney– Cotton Gin – “engine”
– 1793
– Removed seeds from fibers
• Plantations
– VA, NC, SC, GA, AL, MS, LA,
TN, AR, MO
• Cash Crops
– VERY dependent on slaves
South
Slaves and Cotton
1790
Bales of Cotton
3,000
# of Slaves
700,000
• Fugitive Slave Law
• 1850
• Runaway slaves
would be returned
1810
178,000
1,200,000
West
• Agriculture and Industry
• John Deere
– Steel Plow
– Faster farming techniques
• Windmill
– Use wind to power
machinery
• Corn, Wheat, Cattle
• Cowtowns
– Herded cattle to railroads
for transport
– Cowboys (most were
Mexican and Black)
West
• Immigrants
– Came on railroads
• Homestead Act
– 160 acres free
– Plant crops and improve land
• Oklahoma Land Rush
– “Sooner” you get there, the better
– Claim land
Unit 2
EOC Review
Which of the following statements is an example of
sectionalism?
a. The South relied heavily on slaves and the
plantation system, while the North relied on
immigrant labor factories.
b. The south’s decision to fire on Fort Sumter.
c. Lincoln’s decision to be a Republican.
d. Many African-Americans moved west to become
cowboys, while others stayed in the South as
farmers.
American System
• Unite Country
• Transportation Systems
– Transcontinental
Railroad
• East coast to West coast
– Erie Canal
• 363 miles
• Connected Hudson River
with Lake Erie
American System
– Protective tariff (buy
American)
– Goal: Don’t depend on
other countries
• South and West - Provide
food and cotton
• North - Produce goods
• South and West - Buy
goods
– National Currency
• Same EVERYWHERE!!!!
• Trade easier
• Help boost the economy
by allowing people to buy
American goods
Minorities
Women
– Greater freedom
– Flexible society
Immigrants
– Chinese – West Coast
– Irish – East Coast
– Railroad labor
African Americans
– Buffalo Soldiers - All
black regiments
Reform
• 2nd Great Awakening
– Early 1800s
– Social Responsibility
• Revival
– Social meeting
– “Awaken” religious faith
• African American Church
– Sat in separate pews
Meanwhile:
Missouri Compromise
(1820)
Monroe elected pres.
(1820)
J.Q. Adams elected pres.
(1824)
Jackson elected pres.
(1828)
Black Hawk War (1832)
Reform
Women’s Rights (mid 1800s)
• Cult of Domesticity
– Home and family
•
•
•
•
•
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
Sarah & Angelina Grimké
Sojourner Truth (free black)
Seneca Falls Convention
(1848)
– Women’s rights convention
– 300 women and men
• Temperance Movement
– Prohibition of alcohol
Meanwhile:
Van Buren elected pres.
(1836)
Deere’s Steel Plow (1837)
Trail of Tears (1838)
Unit 2
EOC Practice
Leading up to the Civil War, the South had an
economy based on agriculture and slave labor
while the North had an economy based on
a. Industry and wage labor
b. Agriculture and corporations
c. Plantations and indentured labor
d. Much more trade with other nations
Abolition
• Call to outlaw slavery
• William Lloyd Garrison
– The Liberator
– Emancipation
• Freeing of slaves w/ no
payment to slaveholders
• David Walker (free black)
– Fight for freedom
• Frederick Douglass (free
black 1838)
– Inspirational Speaker
Life Under Slavery
• Mid – late 1800s
Rural
• Large plantations
• Men, women, children
• Dawn to dusk
Urban
• Skilled laborers
• Artisans
Life under Slavery
Revolt (1831)
• Nat Turner
• Preacher
• 80 followers
• Attacked 4 plantations
• Killed 60 (men, women,
children)
• Later captured by
troops
– Whites killed 200 blacks
Resistance to Slavery
• Personal Liberty Laws
– 9 Northern States
– Runaways couldn’t be
imprisoned
– Trials
• Underground Railroad
– “Conductors” hid fugitive
slaves
– Tunnels, hideaways to
Canada
– Food, clothing
– Harriet Tubman
• 19 Trips to South
• 300 slaves
Resistance to Slavery
• Harriet Beecher Stowe
– Uncle Tom’s Cabin
– 1852
– Slavery = immoral