History 151 Review Notes
History 151 Review Notes
Part Three
Wolff
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History 151 Review Notes
Economic Revolution
I. Foundations of economic development
A. Factories
B. Embargo of 1807; War of 1812; Tariffs
II. Reasons for economic development
A. Population growth for markets and workers
B. Immigration
1. Irish: escaped famine
2. Germans: escaped political turmoil
3. Characteristics
a. Irish in poverty, take industrial jobs
b. Germans to farms
c. More Catholics and Jews
4. Reception
a. Some welcomed immigrants
b. Economic threat
c. Nativism: saw religious & radical influence
5. Anti-immigrant organization
a. Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner
b. Know Nothings of American Party
C. Transportation
1. Turnpikes, canals, steamboats
2. Railroads
a. Better equipment
b. Innovative financing, public bonds and land grants
c. Aided by telegraph
D. Corporations provided limited liability
E. Era of invention
F. New energy source: coal
III. Urban development
A. Coastal
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History 151 Review Notes
B. Waterway
C. Canal
D. Railroad
E. Coastal
IV. Capitalism: based on profit and competition
A. Price reductions forced changes
1. Speed-up and stretch-out
2. Cut back on benefits
3. Wage cuts
B. Worker response
C. Factory Girls, 1834, strike failed
1. Lack of solidarity
2. Capitalists accepted over unions
3. Replacement workers
D. Artisans joined trade unions
1. Mutual aid
2. Protect skill
E. Unionization in U.S.
1. Diversity
2. Mobility
3. Capitalists
V. Changes in society
A. Farm families changed
B. Immigrant – economic units
C. Middle class
1. Public sphere vs private sphere
2. “Cult of domesticity”
The Growth of the South
I. Economic shift from upper South to deep South
II. Slaves became more prominent in deep South
A. Upper South sold slaves
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History 151 Review Notes
III. Products of the South
A. Cotton: 2/3’s of nation’s exports
B. Rice
C. Sugar
D. Corn
1. Advantages of corn.
2. Agriculture self-sufficiency
IV. Lack of cities in the South
A. Trade handled by “factors” or brokers.
V. Lack of industrialization in the South
A. Lack of willing capital
B. Against perceived values
C. Definition of industrial workforce
VI. South depended on North for industrial output
Southern Society
I. Slave holding society: “peculiar institution”
A. A minority of Southerners own slaves
B. Most accepted slave holding
II. Class based society
A. Planters
1. Worked hard to succeed
2. Romanticized as aristocrats
3. Power & influence exceed number
4. Women were “Southern belles”
B. Small planters
1. Worked hard: “on the make”
2. Women fully engaged in work
C. Slave women in a slaveholding society
D. Yeoman farmers: largest group
1. Lived off best land
2. Largely self-sufficient
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History 151 Review Notes
3. Women fully engaged in work
E. “Hill people”
F. Despite disparities, the classes had few problems
1. Many hoped to move up
2. Widespread land ownership
3. Classes worked together
4. Accepted slavery & class society, common values: “special way of life”
5. Blacks as foundation of society
III. Justifying slavery
A. Ancient traditions
B. Some said Blacks were better off
C. Biblical explanations
D. Economic
IV. Black reaction to slavery
V. Resistance to slavery
A. Ran away: Underground railroad
B. Fought back
C. Sabotage
D. Rebel – Nat Turner Rebellion, 1831
VI. Slaves codes
A. Gave whites total control
B. Unevenly enforced
VII. Slave experiences
A. Small plantations, close relationship
B. Plantations, more privacy
C. Household slaves
D. Urban slaves
VIII. Slave’s life
A. Long hours
B. Families separated
IX. Adaptation
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History 151 Review Notes
A. Religion
X. Free Blacks
Age of Reform/Age of Perfection
I. New sense of progress
A. People could improve themselves
B. Romanticism, the liberation of the human spirit
II. Transcendentalists
A. Free thinking can transcend limits of intellect
B. Corruption in materialism and industrialization
III. Authors of New American man
A. James Fenimore Cooper
IV. Practical reforms of society
V. Prisons, from punishment to reform
A. Education
B. Solitary confinement
C. Penitentiaries
VI. Insane asylums
A. Treated as criminals
B. Dorothea Dix
C. Segregation in hospitals
VII. Liquor
A. “Alcoholic Republic”
B. Reformers, nativists, manufacturers
C. Temperance to prohibition
VIII. Women’s rights
A. Women reformers, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott
B. Birth of Feminist Movement
1. Seneca Falls, NY, 1848
2. Declaration of Sentiments, men and women created equal
C. Slow progress
IX. Education
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History 151 Review Notes
A. Universal public education
B. Horace Mann, education reformer
1. Longer school year
2. Better pay for teachers
C. Better texts
1. Webster’s Spelling Book & Reader
2. McGuffey’s Eclectic Reader
X. Religion
A. Democratized religions
B. Second Great Awakening
C. Different from First Great Awakening
1. People could perfect themselves
2. Grace obtained through faith and good works
D. Causes: changes in society
E. Legacy
1. Salvation possible
2. Sought salvation for those careless with their own salvation
3. New popular religions
F. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
1. Joseph Smith
2. Different practices & values
3. Brigham Young led Mormons to Deseret
XI. Utopian communities
A. Brook Farm, cooperative community
XII. Crusade to abolish slavery
A. Problems in freeing slaves
1. Federal tyranny over states’ rights
2. Cost of purchase
3. Racists and economic concerns over free Blacks
B. Relocation
1. American Colonization Society
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History 151 Review Notes
2. Liberia
C. Gradualists
1. Assisted emancipation
2. “Personal liberty laws” in states
3. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852, persuaded more
D. Abolitionists
1. William Lloyd Garrison, Liberator, 1831
2. Frederick Douglass, North Star, 1847
Era of Manifest Destiny
I. Expansionism
II. Goal of Manifest Destiny: Texas, Southwest, Oregon, the Nortwhest
III. Texas.
A. Cotton planters wanted to move west
B. Mexico encouraged settlement
1. Empresario system, Stephen Austin
2. For economic development and stability
3. Tried to ensure loyalty
C. Settlers remained isolated from Mexican society
D. Santa Anna tried to centralize control
E. Mexican army invaded Texas
G. Texas Revolution
1. Alamo, Davy Crockett
2. Goliad, executions
3. San Jacinto
a. Sam Houston
b. Santa Anna captured
H. Lone Star Republic, 1836-1845
1. Concerns over slavery
I. Annexation in 1845
1. Stop foreign advances
2. Time of Manifest Destiny
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History 151 Review Notes
3. Right political figure
J. James Knox Polk wanted Texas annexed
1. Texas as a “safety valve”
2. Tied issue with Oregon
IV. Oregon annexed with “54 40 or fight”
V. Annexation brought war with Mexico
A. Mexico never recognized Texas independence
B. Border dispute
C. Polk wanted war
1. Secure Texas
2. Allow U.S. to gain rest of Southwest
D. Zachary Taylor sent to provoke war
E. Not all wanted war
VI. Mexican-American War
A. Mexican front with Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott
B. Stephen Watts Kearny took Santa Fe and New Mexico
C. John C. Fremont went into California
D. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Feb 1848
1. America got Southwest, expanded 25%
2. Paid Mexico $15 million
3. Mexicans gained U.S. citizenship
VII. Gadsden Purchase, 1853, finished continental United States
The American West
I. Fur trappers
A. After Lewis & Clark
B. Ft. Pierre & Ft. Laramie
C. Rendezvous
II. Missionaries
A. Father DeSmet
B. Some went to Oregon on the Oregon Trail
III. Oregon Trail
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History 151 Review Notes
IV. California
A. Spanish settled in 1769
B. Mexico in control, 1821, opened borders
C. John Sutter’s land grant
D. Sutter’s mill
1. “The World Rushes In”
2. Gold seekers wanted rapid economic gain
3. Changed Indian relations along the trail
Road to the Civil War
I. The debate
A. Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery in Louisiana
B. The status of slavery in the new territories
C. Options
1. Prohibited: Wilmot Proviso
2. Property should go anywhere
3. Popular sovereignty
4. Extend Missouri Compromise Line
D. Compromise of 1850
1. California, a free state
2. Territories have popular sovereignty
3. Final settlement?
E. Stephen Douglas reopened debate
1. Transcontinental railroad
F. Kansas-Nebraska Act
1. Popular sovereignty introduced
2. Missouri Compromise corrupted
G. Republican Party formed, section based party
H. Bleeding Kansas, 1855-56
1. Pro-slavery forces
2. Anti-slavery
3. John Brown, Pottawatomie Massacre
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History 151 Review Notes
II. Events that led to Civil War
A. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
B. Compromise of 1850
C. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852
D. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
E. Bleeding Kansas
F. Republican Party
G. Election of 1856
1. First Republican candidate
2. Democrats felt threatened
H. Dred Scot decision, 1857
1. Slaves have no rights
2. Congress can’t control slavery
3. Seen as slave conspiracy
I. Harpers Ferry
1. John Brown
2. Seen as a northern conspiracy
J. Lincoln’s election, 1860
1. South felt threatened
2. Cession
III. Other considerations
A. States’ rights vs. federal power
B. Different cultures
C. Failure of politics
Civil War started, Fort Sumter, April 1861
Resources compared
I. Northern advantages
A. Central government
B. More population
C. Transportation
D. Industry & banking
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History 151 Review Notes
II. Southern advantages
A. Defensive war
B. Superior military leaders
C. Strong support from population
D. King Cotton
III. How to raise an army
A. Volunteers
B. Conscription, New York draft riot, 1863
C. “Rich man’s war; poor man’s fight”
IV. How to pay for war
A. Income tax
B. Print money
1. Greenbacks
2. Inflation
C. Loans
Strategy
I. North: Anaconda Plan
A. Take Richmond
B. Seize Mississippi River
C. Blockade
II. South: Defensive, wear down the North
Battles
III. Early eastern front battles
A. First Battle of Bull Run, July 1861
B. Peninsula Campaign: George McClellan to Richmond
C. Antietam Creek, 1862 Robert E. Lee into Maryland
1. Tried to turn the war to the South’s advantage
2. Union victory brought Emancipation Proclamation
a. Freed slaves in Southern controlled areas
b. Done for war advantage
IV. Southern victories caused Lee to move into Pennsylvania: Gettysburg
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History 151 Review Notes
A. Tried again for foreign aid
B. Tried to help Confederacy in the West
C. Pickett’s charge
D. Gettysburg address
V. Stalemate in the East
VI. Fight in the West
A. Grant victorious through Shiloh, 1862
B. Union navy too New Orleans
C. Vicksburg fell, July 1863, Mississippi River taken by Union
VII. Grant became commander of the Army of the Potomac
VIII. Grant and the Overland campaign
A. Grant suffered big losses, such as at Cold Harbor
B. Grant refused to retreat or stop
C. Petersburg and Richmond fell
D. Appomattox Courthouse, April 9, 1865
IX. Sherman divided the South with his army
A. Sherman’s march
B. Atlanta burned
Battles on the sea
I. Union’s Monitor
II. South’s Merrimac
III. Blockade
Wartime politics
I. Lincoln increased power of the presidency
A. Started the war, ordered blockade
B. Suppressed dissidents
II. 1864 election
A. Andrew Johnson for vice-president
B. Democrats nominated McClellan for president
C. Atlanta victory helped Lincoln win
Diplomacy
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History 151 Review Notes
I. England & France sympathized with the South
II. South bought blockade breakers from England
A. Alabama Claims, 1872
Economic changes
I. North industrialized
II. South devastated, trade gone
III. Nationalist Union Congress made changes
A. Homestead Act, 1862
B. Chartered two transcontinental railroads
C. National Bank
Changes for women
I. More went to work
II. Dorothea Dix, women volunteered as nurses
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History 151 Review Notes
History 151: Third Examination Essay Questions.
Of the following three essay questions, two will appear on the examination. You
must answer both. You are encouraged to prepare before the exam, but you are not
allowed to bring anything to class to assist you with your answer. Each is worth 15 points
for a possible 30 points.
1. Identify and discuss the components which contributed to American economic growth
from 1820 to 1860.
2. Analyze the major differences and developments between 1848 and 1861 which
contributed to the Civil War.
3. Discuss the balance of resources between the North and South at the beginning of the
Civil War and its implication for initial military strategy.
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