Annotated bibliography of documents aimed at reducing
inequalities in water, sanitation and hygiene (working draft)
This document is structured according to the JMP equality checklist, which is as
follows:
1) Universal designs and approaches – including general themes of operational
or theoretical natures.
2) Spatial inequalities – such as those experienced by communities in remote
and inaccessible rural areas and slum-dwellers in (peri-) urban areas.
3) Economic inequalities
4) Group-related inequalities – such as those based on ethnicity, race,
nationality, language, religion, and caste.
5) Individual-related inequalities – such as those based on sex/gender, age,
disability, health conditions, and menstrual hygiene management.
There are documents that have themes of multiple categories, where that’s the case
those respective documents will be found in multiple spaces.1
Universal designs and approaches
Reference
ADD International Bangladesh (???) Sanitation for Women and Men
with Disabilities: Successes and Lessons Learned.
See Individual-related inequalities for more details.
Reference
Adams, J., Bartram, J., Chartier, Y., and Sims, J. (2009) Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-cost Settings.
World Health Organisation/ UNICEF: Geneva.
Format
Book and PDF:
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wsh_standards_s
chool/en/
Abstract
Authors’ abstract: These guidelines deal specifically with water, sanitation
and hygiene, and are designed to be used in schools in low-cost settings
in low- and medium-resource countries to:
• assess prevailing situations and plan for required improvements;
• develop and reach essential safety standards as a first goal; and
• support the development and application of national policies.
Sections relevant to girls and boys, and disabled girls and boys
throughout as appropriate.
Other key
focuses
Individual-related inequalities; Economic inequalities
1
Information drawn from a variety of sources including Jones, H. (2010), Inclusive /
universal design for water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services - An
annotated bibliography (WaterAid).
Target
audience
Education managers and planners, architects, urban planners, water and
sanitation technicians, teaching staff, school boards, village education
committees, local authorities and similar bodies.
Reference
CBM (2012) Inclusion Made Easy: a quick program guide to disability
in development. Christoffel Blinden Mission.
Format
PDF: http://www.cbm.org/Inclusion-Made-Easy-329091.php
Abstract
Inclusion Made Easy is designed for program staff in international
development organisations. It is a brief, practical guide on how to ensure
programs are disability-inclusive. It offers basic inclusion principles,
practical tips and case study examples. Part A focuses on disabilityinclusive development principles and Part B on disability inclusion across
a range of development sectors.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Centre for Accessible Environments (2004) Design guidance - steps
and stairs.
Format
Link to be added at a later date.
Abstract
Technical design of steps and stairs for public environments.
Based on UK legislation and building standards. Principles applicable to
other countries, with adaptation to suit the local context.
Other key
focuses
Practical guidance; Inclusive Design
Reference
Centre for Accessible Environments (2004) Design Guidance - Ramps.
Format
Link to be added at a later date.
Abstract
Technical design of ramps for public environments.
Based on UK legislation and building standards. Principles applicable to
other countries, with adaptation to suit the local context.
Other key
focuses
Practical guidance; Inclusive Design
Reference
Chambers, R. (2009) Going to Scale with Community-led Total
Sanitation: Reflections on experience, issues and ways forward.
Practice Paper 1. Institute of Development Studies: UK.
Format
PDF: http://www.ids.ac.uk/download.cfm?objectid=56FCCB0F-50568171-7BDBD20D74B67457
Abstract
Perhaps as many as 2 billion people living in rural areas are
adversely affected by open defecation (OD). Those who suffer most from
lack of toilets, privacy and hygiene are women, adolescent girls, children
and infants. Sanitation and hygiene in rural areas have major potential
for enhancing human wellbeing and contributing to the MDGs.
Approaches through hardware subsidies to individual households have
been ineffective. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a
revolutionary approach in which communities are facilitated to conduct
their own appraisal and analysis of open defecation (OD) and take their
own action to become ODF (open defecation-free).
Other key
focuses
Reference
Chege, K. (2012) Plan Kenya.
Format
Webpage: http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/blog/makingkenya-odf#comment-63
Abstract
This report examines the link between CLTS and disability by reviewing
case studies of people living with disabilities in Kilifi, Kenya. It covers
CLTS triggering sessions and if and how this resulted in the construction
of sanitation facilities that addressed their needs.
Other key
focuses
CLTS
Reference
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Inclusion
and diversity.
Format
PDF:
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http://www.ca
be.org.uk/files/inclusion-by-design.pdf
Abstract
The built environment can contribute to a more equal, inclusive and
cohesive society if places, facilities and neighbourhoods are designed to
be accessible and inclusive for all. Decisions about the design, planning
and management of places can enhance or restrict a sense of belonging,
increase or reduce security, promote or reduce mobility, and improve or
damage health. CABE is committed to promoting inclusive design
throughout the built environment. Inclusive design is the process of
designing, building, managing and populating places and spaces so that
they work for as many people as possible, not just some groups.
Other key
focuses
Practical guidance; Inclusive Design
Reference
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Inclusive
Design.
Format
Link to be added at a later date.
Abstract
Inclusive design is the process of designing, building, managing and
populating places and spaces so that they work for as many people as
possible, not just some groups. It includes where people live and the
public buildings they use, such as health centres, education facilities and
libraries. It also includes how they get around: neighbourhoods, streets,
parks and green spaces and transport. Inclusive design is about:



Access with dignity – how we get to and into places, and use them
with ease.
Treatment with respect – how we are talked to and looked after;
how we are considered and welcomed.
Services and function – how places meet our needs and give us a
sense of belonging, designed and working with us in mind.
Other key
focuses
Practical guidance; Inclusive Design
Reference
Compendium of Accessible WASH Technologies.
Format
Webpage: www.wateraid.org/accessibleWASHtechnologies
Abstract
The Compendium provides a collection of images depicting low-cost
technologies along with descriptions and evaluations of each option’s
advantages, disadvantages, cost and ease of construction. It is divided
into five chapters, 1) reaching facilities; 2) latrines; 3) bathing; 4)
waterpoints; 5) handwashing. The resource is aimed at improving the
accessibility of household WASH facilities and is meant to be used by
staff working directly with communities in rural areas of sub-Saharan
Africa. Most of the ideas are suitable for disabled and older people as well
as anyone who may have difficulty using standard facilities.
Other key
focuses
Inclusive design; Rural
Reference
David, V. (2008) How to Build an Accessible Environment in
Developing Countries. Manual #2 - Access to Water and Sanitation
Facilities. Part 1: Toilets and Closed Showers. Handicap International
France, Cambodia Program: Phnom Penh.
Format
PDF: http://www.handicapinternational.org.uk/Resources/Handicap%20International/PDF%20Docu
ments/HI%20Associations/AccessibleEnvironmentDev2_Part1_2008.pdf
Abstract
Focus – physically accessible household latrines and shower cubicle.
Based on Handicap International’s experience in rural Cambodia.
Provides technical drawings, 3-D drawings and photos of designs.
Range of designs presented, giving indication of level of difficulty and cost
- high, medium or low.
Aimed at either technical or non-technical audience.
Other key
focuses
Accessibility; Environmental factors; Water pumps; Building design
Reference
David, V., Last, U., Papon, L. and Plantier-Royon, E. (2008) How to
Build an Accessible Environment in Developing Countries. Manual
#1 - Introduction and Accessibility Standards. Handicap International
France, Cambodia Program: Phnom Penh.
Format
PDF: http://www.handicapinternational.org.uk/Resources/Handicap%20International/PDF%20Docu
ments/HI%20Associations/AccessibleEnvironmentDev1_2008.pdf
Abstract
This useful manual provides an introduction to the three-manual series
about accessibility standards. General background information is
highlighted about the concept of accessibility. An overview of Handicap
International's approach is outlined, as well as information about the
standardised vs individualised approaches. Throughout the three
manuals, illustrations are provided for technical drawings, construction
methods and construction materials from Handicap International's project
in Cambodia. This manual series is useful for people interested in
learning about accessibility standards in developing countries.
Introduction to accessibility and universal design principles; collaboration
with users in planning; UN Disability Convention and accessibility;
Cambodia National legislative context; guidance on accessible public
infrastructure; public vs. individual household approach.
Guidance on accessible public infrastructure, based on Handicap
International’s international experience, includes e.g. ramp gradients,
widths of paths & doors, space requirements, signage, colour and floor
tactile markings for people with visual impairments.
Aimed at either technical or non-technical audience
Other key
focuses
Environmental factors; Accessibility; Policy; International treaties
Reference
David, V. (2008) How to Build an Accessible Environment in
Developing Countries. Manual #3 - Free Movement. Handicap
International France, Cambodia Program: Phnom Penh.
Format
PDF: http://www.handicapinternational.org.uk/Resources/Handicap%20International/PDF%20Docu
ments/HI%20Associations/AccessibleEnvironmentDev3_2008.pdf
Abstract
This technical manual provides a detailed overview about how to build
accessible infrastructures. There is information about the construction of
access ramps, circulation ramps and accessible layouts for ramps.
Details are given for various construction methods and materials in
technical drawings. This manual three of a three-manual series and is
useful for people interested in learning about building accessible
infrastructures in developing countries.
Focus – design and layout of outdoor ramps and access walkways,
handrails and signage.
Based on Handicap International’s experience in rural Cambodia.
Provides technical drawings, 3-D drawings and photos of designs.
Range of designs presented, giving indication of level of difficulty – high
or medium, and their advantages and disadvantages, including likely level
of cost.
Aimed at planners, construction professionals - engineers, builders,
architects, designers, programme implementers, non-engineers, DPOs
and other user-groups.
Other key
focuses
Accessibility; Inclusion; Building design; Environmental factors
Reference
Design Kit: The field guide to human-centered design.
Format
Webpage: http://www.designkit.org/resources/1
Abstract
Compiled by IDEO, this handbook provides 57 simple and clear design
methods based on the concept of human-centered design for new and
experienced practitioners. It also provides a number of case studies
exemplifying these design principals in action. The resource informs
readers on how to understand the people you’re designing for, how to
have more effective brainstorming sessions, how to prototype ideas, and
how to develop more creative solutions.
Other key
focuses
Reference
DRHC (2006) Informed Choice Manual on Rural Household Latrine
Selection. Dept of Rural Health Care, Ministry of Rural Development,
Cambodia.
Format
PDF (Cambodian Only):
http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-1706-informedchoice-manual-snv-2012.pdf
Abstract
This manual is really meant to be useful to anyone working on sanitation
programs in Cambodia. This can mean working on raising awareness of
options, and creating sanitation demand, or working in actual construction
of latrines. Typical users would include community health workers, NGOs,
CBOs, IOs, provincial line departments and so on. Our hope is to provide
some useful tools for raising sanitation demand in Cambodia, but most of
all to allow people to make an informed choice about technically feasible
and affordable sanitation options. It is important to note that there are
generally two main types of latrine: dry pit latrine and wet pit latrine. While
dry pit latrines do not need water for operation, wet pit latrine require
flushing water for proper functioning. Therefore, the choice for a dry or
wet pit latrine depends predominantly on the availability of water close by.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Fernandes, J., Cooke, S., and Nguyen, H. (2012) Building skills in
disability inclusive WASH: Perspectives from a DPO in Timor-Leste.
Case study 07 In: WaterAid Australia (ed) (2012).
Format
PDF:
http://www.inclusivewash.org.au/Literature/Case%20Study%2007_Buildin
g%20skills%20in%20disability%20inclusive%20WASH.pdf
Abstract
In January 2011, four agencies working in water, sanitation and hygiene
(WASH)1 and two working in disability2 in Timor-Leste organised a
seven-week visit from Huy Nguyen, an engineer and wheelchair user
from Australia. The aim of the visit was to build an understanding of how
the needs of people with a disability (PWD) could be incorporated into
WASH programs in TimorLeste, particularly in rural areas. The visit was
structured around a combination of workshops, technical design clinics
and field visits, and involved participants from international and local
organisations working in both the WASH and disability sectors in TimorLeste.
Other key
focuses
Individual-related inequalities
Reference
Ferneeuw, S. (2005) Guidelines for planning a barrier-free
environment: a practical manual to improve physical accessibility in
Afghanistan. Services Techniques et Etudes pour la Participation
Sociale (STEPS): UNDP: Afghanistan.
Format
Will add link at a later date. Additional information can be found here:
http://www.asksource.info/resources/guidelines-planning-barrier-freeenvironment-practical-manual-improve-physical
Abstract
This practical manual provides a set of guidelines for planning a barrierfree environment in Afghanistan. Based upon international standards for
accessibility, details are provided about anthropometrics and dimension,
urban design consideration, architectural design consideration, and
transport. This guide is useful for people interested in planning barrierfree environments.
Other key
focuses
Accessibility; Building design; Policy; Inclusion
Links
Ferneeuw, S. (2005b)
Reference
Fawzi, A. and Jones, H. (2011) Identifying and supporting vulnerable
people in community-led total sanitation: a Bangladesh case study.
35th WEDC International Conference, WEDC, Loughborough University:
UK.
Format
Webpage: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/community-ledtotal-sanitation-people-vulnerable-bangladesh.pdf
Abstract
Despite the significant impact CLTS has had in Bangladesh, as with all
development initiatives, it is confronted with the social realities that
characterise communities. One of these challenges concerns the
inclusion within the CLTS process of what this study refers to as „people
in vulnerable situations‟, who face particular challenges. Another criticism
levelled at CLTS in this area is its „naming and shaming‟ component. For
example, people who are caught openly defecating during the CLTS
process are often publicly identified and may be ridiculed. This may
inadvertently reinforce stigma and social exclusion of some groups. CLTS
certainly has the potential to improve the livelihoods of communities.
Whether it has the ability to improve the livelihoods of every member of a
community is less clear.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Ginoulhiac, L. (2009) UNICEF toilet solutions for child-friendly
schools in Rwanda. 34th WEDC International Conference, Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/34/Ginoulhiac_A_L__199.pdf
Abstract
Conference paper based on the above two documents presents design of
standard toilet block, with single unisex accessible toilet cubicle for
disabled users, providing extra space, pedestal flush toilet and wash
handbasin. Ramp access to wide door.
(NB. Consultant’s own limited research experience in UK and Uganda
indicate that many disabled students resist using unisex facilities.)
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Reference
Gosling, L. (2010) Equity and inclusion: A rights-based approach.
WaterAid: UK.
Format
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/equity-and-inclusionframework.pdf
Abstract
Those who are likely to be particularly disadvantaged include women,
children, people with disabilities, older people, people living with chronic
illness including HIV/AIDS, people belonging to specific castes, religions,
ethnic groups, indigenous groups, and people living in remote or
peripheral areas. Other socially excluded groups include people who are
lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, displaced people, travellers,
pastoralists, illegal settlers or people working in particular occupations,
such as manual scavengers. Accordingly, WaterAid aims to highlight at
every opportunity the continuing inequalities within WASH service
provision and to contribute to the significant reduction of these
inequalities.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Governance and transparency fund programme toolkit.
Format
Webpage: http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/researchand-publications/view-publication?id=f1738e29-266b-4c97-bbf72fa538d67092
Abstract
A series of handbooks focussing on the challenges of creating strong
community-based organisations, power analysis, the role of networks in
delivering better governance, how to engage successfully with
stakeholders and how to improve governance and make it sustainable.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Halcrow G., Rowland C., Willetts J., Crawford J. and Carrard N. (2010)
Resource Guide: Working effectively with women and men in water,
sanitation and hygiene programs. International Women’s Development
Agency and Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology
Sydney, Australia.
See Individual-related inequalities for more details.
Reference
Jansz, S., Jones, H. and Gosling, L. (2013) Developing awareness and
skills on Inclusive WASH: a mixed mode learning format. 36th WEDC
International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/36/Jansz-1836.pdf
Abstract
Equity and inclusion are fundamental to WaterAid’s mission as part of a
rights based approach. WaterAid collaborated with the Water,
Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University,
to design and run an equity and inclusion practitioner training course. It
was designed and piloted in 2010, funded by WaterAid and WEDC. An
external evaluation found that the training increased the knowledge, skills
and confidence of participants to implement equity and inclusion in their
own work. Recommendations were made for improvements, which were
incorporated into a second course in 2011. This paper describes the
training course, its strengths and weaknesses, and its impact, in terms of
what staff in country programmes have put into practice since the training,
and discusses further lessons learnt about the training content, the
format, and its impact.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Jones, H.E. (2011) Inclusive design of school latrines – how much
does it cost and who benefits? Briefing Note 1. WEDC, Loughborough
University: UK.
Format
PDF:
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/briefnotes/BN001_School_Latrines.pdf
Abstract
Primary concerns:
WEDC research shows that the additional cost of making a school latrine
accessible is less than 3% of the overall costs of the latrine.
The most cost-effective way to improve access for children with
disabilities is to incorporate accessibility into the design from the outset
(inclusive design) rather than making expensive changes later.
Inclusive design means a user-friendly, child-friendly design, which
benefits all users, including adolescent girls, small children, and children
who are sick.
However well designed the latrine, other factors such as location,
distance and approach path affect accessibility and need to be part of
planning and design.
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Reference
Jones, H.E. and Reed, R.A. (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled
People and other Vulnerable Groups: designing services to improve
accessibility. Water, Engineering and Development Centre,
Loughborough University: UK.
Format
Book, CD, PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/wsdp
Abstract
Resource book presenting a range of low-cost solutions that disabled and
elderly people are using to access and use water supply and sanitation
facilities. Main focus on physical access, but also for people with visual
problems. Over 400 images - photos, drawings and plan diagrams.
Includes drawing, transporting and storing water, bathing, and access and
use of latrines. Focus on household facilities, but some case examples
are in school settings. Based on field research in Uganda, Bangladesh
and Cambodia.
In English and French.
Other key
focuses
Personal hygiene
Reference
Kamban, N. and Norman, R. (2013) Inclusive WASH development:
Technology adaptations for persons with disabilities. 36th WEDC
International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya.
See Individual-related inequalities for more details.
Reference
Kpehounton, C.D. and Serge, D.M. (2012) Access to drinking water for
people with disabilities in the town of Tenkodo (Burkina Faso). Case
study 11. WaterAid Australia (ed) (2012).
Format
PDF:
http://www.inclusivewash.org.au/Literature/Case%20Study%2011_Acces
s%20to%20drinking%20water%20for%20people%20with%20disabilities.p
df
Abstract
Since 2001, local NGO Dakupa,1 with the support of WaterAid, began to
implement a water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) project in several
urban municipalities in the Central East region of Burkina Faso. In line
with the principles of equity and inclusion, the objective of this project was
to improve access to WASH services for people with disabilities (PWD)
through the construction of accessible water points and latrines. To date,
about ten wheelchair accessible standpipes have been constructed in
places such as the town of Tenkodogo, the subject of this study.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Lacey, A. (2004) Designing for Accessibility: an essential guide for
public buildings. Centre for Accessible Environments; RIBA Publishing.
Format
Book only, available from: http://www.cae.org.uk/
Abstract
Guidance on accessible public infrastructure, including ramps, walkways,
public toilets. Includes extensive plans and dimensional data illustrating
internal and external features that commonly need attention in public
buildings. Used as an access standard for grant providers and other
organisations in the UK.
Based on UK legislation and building standards. Principles applicable to
other countries, with adaptation to suit the local context.
Aimed at readers with either technical or non-technical background.
Other key
focuses
Environmental factors; Building design
Reference
Lacey, A. (2004) Good Loo Design Guide. Centre for Accessible
Environments: UK.
Format
Book only, available from: http://www.cae.org.uk/
Abstract
Takes an inclusive approach to the provision of WCs to suit a wide range
of users, and gives guidance on various WC layouts.
Based on UK legislation and building standards. Principles applicable to
other countries, with adaptation to suit the local context.
Aimed at readers with either technical or non-technical background.
Other key
focuses
Building design
Reference
Menstrual hygiene matters toolkit.
Format
Webpage: http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/researchand-publications/view-publication?id=02309d73-8e41-4d04-b2ef6641f6616a4f
Abstract
Menstrual hygiene matters is an essential resource for improving
menstrual hygiene for women and girls in lower and middle-income
countries.
Nine modules and toolkits cover key aspects of menstrual hygiene in
different settings, including communities, schools and emergencies.
This comprehensive resource:
Brings together examples of good menstrual hygiene practice from
around the world;
Provides guidance on building competence and confidence to break the
silence surrounding the issue;
Encourages increased engagement in advocacy on menstrual hygiene.
Other key
focuses
Menstrual hygiene management (MHM)
Reference
Menya, C. and Safu, C. (2005) Inclusive Educational Facilities Benefit
All. 31st WEDC International Conference, Kampala, Uganda.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/31/Menya.pdf
Abstract
Describes improvements in school environment implemented by Leonard
Cheshire International in a primary school, as part of its programme to
support inclusive education in Kenya.
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Reference
Mitlin, D. (2011) Equity and Gender Pathfinder. SHARE (Sanitation
and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity). UK.
Format
PDF:
http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/sanitation/SHAREPathfinderEquityand
Gender_FINAL_AUGUST2011.pdf
Abstract
This review considers access to sanitation and hygiene services with a
focus on the themes of equity and equality. The paper begins by
reviewing concepts of economic, social, spatial and political inequality
and their significance to issues related to access to sanitation and
hygiene services. Drawing on discussions with SHARE collaborators and
an overview of relevant literature, the review summarises some of the
findings in respect of our understanding of what it takes to provide
equitable access. The conclusion argues that there are three groupings
within the relevant literature, each of which makes a contribution to
addressing the need for interventions that take account of structural
inequalities, but each of which is limited when considered alone.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Ndesamburo, J., Flynn, E. & French, S. (2012) Looking through an
equity and inclusion lens in Tanzania: the experience of WaterAid.
Gender and Development, 20(3), pp 453-465.
Format
PDF: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/looking-through-anequity-and-inclusion-lens-in-tanzania-the-experience-of-wate-251882
Abstract
Globally, 780 million people still do not have access to safe water and 2.5
billion lack improved sanitation. Since its inception, WaterAid has been
deeply committed to issues of equity, choosing to work in some of the
poorest countries in Africa and Asia, and within these, to work with people
who are marginalised. In Tanzania, WaterAid has been using an equity
and inclusion approach to ensure that the most marginalised people have
access to safe water and sanitation. This article draws on WaterAid’s
experience of implementing an inclusive water and sanitation project in
Bashnet, Babati district, Manyara region, Tanzania. Specifically, lessons
from this project highlight the ability of the equity and inclusion approach
to better understand and meet the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)
needs of women and girls, as well as other groups who are often
excluded.
Other key
focuses
Gender; Sex
Reference
Office for Disability Issues (2013) The social model of disability. UK
Department for Work and Pensions.
Format
Webpage: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015government-policy-equality/2010-to-2015-government-policyequality#appendix-9-the-social-model-of-disability
Abstract
We encourage the use of the social model as a way of understanding
disability. It says that disability is created by barriers in society.
The barriers generally fall into 3 categories:
the environment – including inaccessible buildings and services
people’s attitudes – stereotyping, discrimination and prejudice
organisations – inflexible policies, practices and procedures
Other key
focuses
Reference
PHED and SNV (2011) Handbook on Toilet Options for Rural
Households in Bhutan. Public Health Engineering Division, Ministry of
Health, Netherlands Development Organisation: Bhutan.
Format
PDF:
http://www.snvworld.org/download/publications/handbook_sanitation_bhu
tan.pdf
Abstract
There have been several attempts in the past to document the technical
details of the different types of toilets found in rural Bhutan. However,
these efforts were all focused in one type of toilet or the other. This
handbook has attempted to gather together in one place all the
information needed for deciding which is the most suitable toilet
technology for the various rural household settings found in Bhutan. All
the information provided in this handbook is based on the field
experiences in the RSAHP programme area. The handbook also tries to
provide the technical details along with graphic illustrations of the different
types of toilet. However, this manual is not to be taken as “one size fits
all” since the information gathered herein may not be suitable for some
situation and might need to be adapted accordingly.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Realising the human rights to water and sanitation: A handbook.
Format
Webpage: http://www.righttowater.info/handbook/
Abstract
This handbook, prepared by the UN Special Rapporteur on the human
rights to water and sanitation, clarifies the meaning of the rights to water
and sanitation; explains the obligations that arise; provides guidance on
implementation of these rights; shares examples of good practice in
implementation of the rights; explores how States can be held
accountable; and provides users with checklists, so that they can assess
compliance. The target audiences of the Handbook are governments at
all levels, donors, national regulatory bodies, civil society, service
providers, and human rights organisations.
Available in French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Arabic.
Other key
focuses
Human right to water
Reference
Reed, B.J. and Coates, S. (2007) Developing Engineers and
Technicians: Notes on giving guidance to engineers and technicians
on how infrastructure can meet the needs of men and women.
WEDC, Loughborough University: UK.
Format
PDF: http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/R7129A.pdf
Abstract
These training notes are to help develop awareness amongst engineers
in low-income countries of why the needs of men and women should be
considered in development projects and how they, as technical
professionals, can meet those needs. The trainer/facilitator/project
manager should adapt these units to suit the needs of the audience,
based on their current level of awareness and knowledge of issues such
as social exclusion, gender and the engineering response.
Other key
focuses
Design; Social exclusion; Cost benefit analysis; Site visits; Gender
Links
Reed et al. (2007), Reed and Smout (2005).
Reference
Reed, B.J., Coates, S., Parry-Jones, S. et. al. (2007) Infrastructure for
All: Meeting the needs of both men and women in development
projects. A practical guide for engineers, technicians and project
managers. WEDC, Loughborough University: UK.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/books/Infrastructure_for_All__Complete.pdf
Abstract
Provides help for engineers, technicians and project managers to ensure
that the facilities they design and build are beneficial to all members of
society. Using many examples related to watsan, the book demonstrates
that one size does not fit all. It shows how women, men, and children
frequently have different needs and priorities because they use
infrastructure in different ways. The book emphasises the practical ways
in which taking account of gender relations will improve the design,
implementation and use of infrastructure.
Other key
focuses
Sex; Gender
Links
Reed & Smout (2005), Reed & Coates (2007)
Reference
Reed, R. and Shaw, R. (2008) Sanitation for Primary Schools in
Africa. WEDC, Loughborough University: UK.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/knowledge/bookshop.html
Abstract
Practical manual on planning designing and implementation of school
sanitation and handwashing facilities, the design includes separate boys’
and girls’ blocks, a more spacious cubicle in each block suitable for
disabled users and adolescent girls and others needing extra space and
proximity to a water point and handwashing facility.
Aimed at planners and implementers of school water and sanitation in
Africa. Principles may be applied elsewhere.
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Reference
Reed, B.J. and Smout, I. (2005) Building with the Community:
engineering projects to meet the needs of both men and women.
WEDC, Loughborough University: UK.
Format
PDF: http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Reed-2005-Building.pdf
Abstract
16-page booklet explaining why engineers should involve both men and
women in infrastructure projects and why women’s participation has a
special emphasis. It introduces ways in which engineers and technicians
can ensure their projects focus on the needs of men and women.
Although many people working on development projects may be aware of
these issues, others may not be. As well as providing an introduction to
engineers and technicians who have not covered some of the social
issues before, this booklet is also useful for managers who do understand
the issues but are seeking ways to tackle them, or who wish to explain
the problems and solutions to their colleagues.
Other key
focuses
Design; Gender; Sex
Links
Reed et al. (2007), Reed & Coates (2007)
Reference
Rwanda Ministry of Education (2009) Child-Friendly Schools
Infrastructure Standards and Guidelines: Primary and Tronc
Commun Schools. Ministry of Education: Rwanda.
Format
PDF:
http://toolkit.ineesite.org/toolkit/INEEcms/uploads/1125/Child_Friendly_Sc
hools_Infrastructure.pdf
Abstract
Sets standards for ‘child-friendly’ school infrastructure, with as an integral
component “Child-friendly barrier free environment which promotes
inclusive access and equal rights of every child.” Addresses the whole
school environment, including classrooms and outdoor areas as well as
toilets and handwashing facilities.
Aimed at planners, educationalists, infrastructure professionals, designers
and planners.
Other key
focuses
SWASH; Environmental factors; Guidelines; Policy
Links
UNICEF & MINEDUC (2009), Ginoulhiac (2009)
Reference
Sapkota, B., Bhatta, B., Ballav, M.W., Upreti, D., and Binks, A. (2012)
Water, sanitation and hygiene is a connector, not a divider: An
inclusive WASH case study. Case Study 2 in: WaterAid Australia (ed)
(2012).
Format
PDF:
http://www.inclusivewash.org.au/Literature/Case%20Study%2002_WASH
%20is%20a%20connector%20not%20a%20divider.pdf
Abstract
Residents of Nepal’s remote hill areas face a number of difficulties in
accessing water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. Socially
excluded and ultra-poor community members in particular face some
formidable barriers. Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH), the leading WASH
non-governmental agency working in rural areas of Nepal, has worked
closely with beneficiary communities since 1992. A snapshot of a few of
the many social exclusion cases in which NEWAH have been intimately
involved is provided in three case studies.
Other key
focuses
Building design
Reference
Satterthwaite, M. et al. (2012) JMP Working Group on Equity and Nondiscrimination Final Report. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring
Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation: New York, Geneva.
Format
PDF: http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-ENDWG-Summary-2-pager.pdf
Abstract
As the 2015 development deadline for the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) approaches, the UNICEF-WHO Joint Monitoring Programme
(JMP) has created four working groups in order to develop possible goals,
targets and indicators (GTIs) for post-2015 global monitoring for WASH:
the Equity and Non-Discrimination (END) Working Group alongside three
sub-sector working groups on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH).
The purpose of the END Working Group is to advise on how proposed
GTIs for the post-2015 development framework can be formulated to
address inequalities and discrimination. It is comprised of experts from
the water and sanitation sector, statisticians and human rights specialists
and is chaired by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Human
Right to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation, Catarina de Albuquerque.
Full report can be found at:
http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-END-WGFinal-Report-20120821.pdf
Other key
focuses
Policy
Reference
Steinfeld, E. (2005) Education for All: The Cost of Accessibility.
Education Notes 38864. The World Bank.
Format
PDF: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/0
3/01/000310607_20070301144941/Rendered/PDF/388640EdNotes1Aug
ust2005CostOfAccess12.pdf
Abstract
Summary of key issues related to costs of accessible school
infrastructure. Proposes universal design as a cost-effective approach
that benefits all. Quotes estimates that cost of accessibility is less than
1% of total construction costs. 4 pages.
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Reference
Snider, H. and Takeda, N. (2008) Design for All: Implications for World
Bank Operations. The World Bank: Washington.
See Economic inequalities for more details.
Reference Trevett, A. and Luyendijk, R. (2012) WASH and Equity: The challenges of
equity, safety, and sustainability. Presentation for a UNICEF Webinar,
May 2012.
Format
PDF:
http://water.worldbank.org/sites/water.worldbank.org/files/publication/WASHand-Equity-final.pdf
Abstract
Presentation presenting the different dimensions of inequality.
Other key
focuses
Reference
UN (2004) Accessibility for the Disabled - A Design Manual for a
Barrier Free Environment.
Format
Webpage: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/
Abstract
Focus on urban public infrastructure, both outdoor (obstructions,
pathways, curb ramps, etc.) and indoor architectural design
considerations, (ramps, stairs, handrails, entrances, doors, corridors and
rest rooms (toilets/WCs).
Other key
focuses
General; Spatial
Reference
UNNATI and Handicap International (2004) Design Manual for a
Barrier-Free Built Environment. UNNATI-Organisation for Development
Education & Handicap International: Ahmedabad, India.
Format
CD only. No contact details for publishers.
Abstract
Comprehensive guidance and designs for all aspects of barrier-free/
accessible public built environment. Considers access for people with
visual impairments and movement restrictions. E.g. space requirements,
dimensions, and also signage, colour contrast, auditory signals, etc.
International guidance adapted for India context. Urban style of water
points (piped water to taps) and WCs (pedestal flush toilets) used.
N.B. Difficult to navigate the CD, pages cannot be printed out.
Other key
focuses
Inclusive design
Reference
UN Enable (2004) Accessibility for the Disabled - A Design Manual
for a Barrier Free Environment. Part III. IMPLEMENTATION
CHECKLISTS.
Format
Webpage: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD4-01.htm
Abstract
Provides a tool to assess all aspects of accessibility of public
infrastructure, including pathways, signage, ramps, stairs, handrails,
entrances and toilets. A series of questions lead to possible solutions.
Designed for use in urban context, needs adaptation for use in rural
areas.
Other key
focuses
Accessibility
Reference
UN Enable (2013) What is disability and who are persons with
disabilities? Frequently asked questions.
Format
Webpage: http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?navid=12&pid=25
Abstract
A resource that provides an overview of the term disability, those with
disabilities, and the UN’s role in relation to them.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
JMP Working Group on Equality and Non-Discrimination Final
Report.
Format
Webpage full report:
http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-END-WGFinal-Report-20120821.pdf
Webpage summary report:
http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-END-WG-
Summary-2-pager.pdf
Abstract
In January 2012, the UNICEF-WHO Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)
created four working groups: the Equity and Non-Discrimination Working
Group (END Working Group) alongside three sub-sector working groups
on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. The purpose of these working groups
is to advise on how proposed goals, targets, and indicators (GTIs) can be
designed to capture information about inequalities and discrimination in
the lead up to the SDGs. This report is the output of the working group. It
includes the Equality Checklist , a tool designed to help those engaged in
the planning and negotiations for the post-2015 development architecture
to ensure that non-discrimination and equality are fully addressed in the
goals, targets, and indicators that are ultimately adopted concerning
water, sanitation and hygiene.
Other key
focuses
Reference
UNICEF and MINEDUC (2009) Child Friendly School in Rwanda:
Typical drawings of school building and toilet block. UNICEF/
MINEDUC: Rwanda.
Format
PDF:
http://www.unicef.org/education/files/UNICEF_Rwanda_Infrastructures.pd
f
Abstract
Technical drawings for designs of school toilets described above, for:
Percolate VIP toilets with offset pits
Non-percolate toilets with septic tank and soak pit/infiltration trenches
12 percolate VIP toilets.
N.B. Two of the sets of drawings show a ramp leading directly to the door
of the ‘toilet for handicapped’, with no flat platform in front of it as is good
practice, and as recommended in the Standards and Guidelines. This has
been improved in the later document <090604 UNICEF CFS Toilets 12>
with the addition of a flat platform, with a ramp leading to it. This is in line
with good practice.
Aimed at engineers and architects.
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Links
Rwanda Ministry of Education (2009)
Reference
WaterAid (nd) Equity and Inclusion framework. WaterAid: UK.
Format
Webpage: http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/researchand-publications/view-publication?id=d98d98ad-b605-4894-97cf0c7682e62b04
Abstract
The purpose of this framework is to help implement WaterAid’s policy on
equity and inclusion. It aims to: Provide a common understanding of
equity and inclusion in relation to WASH Explain WaterAid’s approach to
equity and inclusion Establish a common set of minimum standards and
indicators as a basis for further work in specific countries or parts of the
organisation.
Other key
focuses
Reference
WaterAid (nd) Equity and Inclusion Play your Part: Awareness raising
training guide. WaterAid: UK.
Format
PDF:
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/536c4ee8e4b0b60bc6ca7c74/t/53c
541c6e4b0a6f53ac41a99/1405436358826/Equity+and+Inclusion++awareness+raising+training+guide.pdf
Abstract
The equity and inclusion framework provides a common platform for us all
to build on. The purpose of awareness raising training is to come to a
common understanding of equity and inclusion in Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene (WASH) and to provide an opportunity to think about how this
applies to your area of work, and how to take it forward.
Other key
focuses
Links
WaterAid (nd) Equity and Inclusion framework. WaterAid: UK.
Reference
WaterAid (2011) How the WASH sector in Timor Leste can consider
disabled people. Issue Sheet. WaterAid Timor Leste.
Format
PDF: http://www.addc.org.au/documents/resources/people-disabilitieswash-sector-timor-leste_1043.pdf
Abstract
This issue sheet sets out the barriers that disabled people face in
accessing water and sanitation and hygiene (WASH), and how they can
be overcome. It aims to set out the issues in simple terms, and give
examples of small things that make a big difference.
Other key
focuses
Building design
Reference
WaterAid Australia (ed) (2012) Towards Inclusive WASH: Sharing
evidence and experience from the field.
Format
Webpage: https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/collections/equityinclusion/
Abstract
The paper presents three steps that can be taken to ensure that WASH
programs are inclusive and promote equity for all. The first step is to
understand who is excluded and marginalised. Secondly, to analyse how
these people are excluded from WASH, and finally, to design WASH
programs to overcome the multiple barriers they face.
Other key
focuses
Reference
WaterAid Madagascar (2011) Diagnosing Accessibility.
Format
Online video: WaterAid Madagascar (2011)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEAYh5nezSQ
Abstract
A video that provides an overview of accessibility.
Other key
focuses
Accessibility
Reference
WaterAid Madagascar (2010) Technical Manual on Community Water
Supply, Hygiene and Sanitation Facilities. WaterAid Madagascar.
Format
PDF:
http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/brochure_a5_wate
raid_anglais_nov_bas.pdf
Abstract
This manual presents designs to develop more accessible public facilities
based upon modifications following a training completed by Handicap
International in July 2009 on equity inclusion for WaterAid Madagascar
and partners’. The manual features accessible designs for community
water points, hand washing devices and school and institutional latrineshower blocks. It also highlights areas where there were limits to
accessibility so ongoing research can mitigate these limitations.
Other key
focuses
Reference
WaterAid Nepal (2008) Creating user-friendly water and sanitation
services for the disabled: the experience of WaterAid Nepal and its
partners. Discussion Paper. WaterAid: Nepal.
Format
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/creating-user-friendlywater-sanitation-services-disabled.pdf
Abstract
Author’s abstract: “This paper reviews the social, technical, financial and
policy barriers to meeting the needs of disabled people. It considers the
consequences of this neglect on health, dignity and economic and social
exclusion, and especially the impact on women. The experiences of
WaterAid Nepal and its partners in supporting differently able people
without access to water and sanitation are set out and solutions to
overcome the barriers are put forward. The document concludes by
recommending improved coordination and collaboration in the sector to
increase focus on and improve delivery of water and sanitation services
to disabled people.”
Gives an overview of NEWAH’s work to develop accessible water and
sanitation facilities in Nepal; individually focused solutions; photos show
some toilet designs and accessible tapstand.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Links
Read in conjunction with NEWAH (2004); Shrestha (2006) (details below)
to get a clear picture of what has actually been implemented.
Content identical to: Pradhan, A. and Jones, O. (2008) Creating userfriendly water and sanitation services for the disabled: the experience of
WaterAid Nepal and its partners. In: Beyond construction: use by all: a
collection of case studies from sanitation and hygiene promotion
practitioners in South Asia. WaterAid and IRC International Water and
Sanitation Centre: London and Delft.
http://www.wateraid.org/documents/ch24_creating_userfriendly_water_an
d_sanitation_services_for_the_disabled_the_experience_of_wateraid_ne
pal_and_its_partners.pdf
Reference
WaterAid and WEDC (n.d.) Inclusive WASH: What does it look like?
Format
PDF: www.inclusivewash.org.au/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=105141
Abstract
To be inclusive, a WASH programme should respond to the local context.
The following checklist gives an idea of what to look for.
Also available in French
(http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/learning/EI_Inclusive_WASH_checklist
_French.pdf) and Spanish
(http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/learning/EI_Inclusive_WASH_checklist
_Spanish.pdf)
Other key
focuses
Reference
WaterAid and WEDC (2013) What does Inclusive WASH look like?
Format
PDF: www.inclusivewash.org.au/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=105141
Abstract
A collection of activity sheets, presentations and tools that have been
developed by WEDC in collaboration with WaterAid.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Water point mapping tool.
Format
Webpage: http://www.waterpointmapper.org/
Abstract
The Water Point Mapper is a free tool for producing maps showing the
status of water supply services. It is aimed at water, sanitation, hygiene
practitioners as well as local governments working at the district and subdistrict levels in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Mapper has been designed for
use in situations where there is no internet connectivity.
The Water Point Mapper was developed by WaterAid.
Other key
focuses
Toolkit
Reference
WEDC Equality and Inclusion in Learning Materials.
Format
Webpage: https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/collections/equityinclusion/general.html
Abstract
WEDC offers a variety of learning materials around equity and inclusion in
water, sanitation and hygiene. These includes activity sheets that can be
used as stand-alone activities, or as part of structured training/capacity
building; presentations focused on applying the social model as a tool for
analysis and problem solving; and a range of accessibility and safety
audits. There are audits for latrines, school latrines, and water points. The
audits can be adapted to differing contexts and are available in numerous
languages.
Other key
focuses
Reference
WHO and World Bank (2011) World Report on Disability. Geneva
Format
PDF: http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/report.pdf
Abstract
The World report on disability is directed at policy-makers, practitioners,
researchers, academics, development agencies, and civil society.
The overall aims of the Report are:
To provide governments and civil society with a comprehensive
description of the importance of disability and an analysis of the
responses provided, based on the best available scientific information.
Based on this analysis, to make recommendations for action at national
and international levels.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference World Bank (2013) Red River Delta Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Project. Vietnam Sustainable Development Unit: Sustainable
Development Department.
Format
PDF: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/1
2/27/000442464_20131227104416/Rendered/PDF/ICR27520P0772800di
sclosed0120240130.pdf
Abstract
A Vietnam sanitation example shows the implementation of the water
supply and household sanitation revolving fund through the Provincial
Women’s Union to assist the construction or renovation of approximately
46,000 household latrines or bathroom facilities.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Reference World Bank (2009) Yemen - Irrigation Improvement Project.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
Format
PDF:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2009/06/10828654/yemenirrigation-improvement-project
Abstract
This is one example of a piece of work that addressed irrigation and
livestock issues. It used the Participatory Irrigation Management concept
to involve women in project design and implementation processes. The
project accomplishments, confirmed through a sample survey, suggested
that 66 percent of women had reasonably benefited from the increased
agriculture income, had acquired new assets and made investments in
their respective households in Wadi Tuban and Wadi Zabid areas.
Other key
focuses
Participatory Irrigation Management; Agriculture Demonstration Program
Reference
Violence, gender and WASH toolkit.
Format
Webpage: http://violence-wash.lboro.ac.uk/
Abstract
This toolkit has been developed for use by WASH practitioners but will
also be useful for gender-based violence, gender, protection, health and
education specialists.
The toolkit provides examples of good practice approaches which have
the potential to reduce vulnerabilities to violence. It was co-published by
27 organisations, including WaterAid, SHARE and WEDC.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Spatial inequalities
Reference
Ahmed, R. (2006) A Case Study on Reaching the Poorest and
Vulnerable. 32nd WEDC Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka. WEDC,
Loughborough University: UK.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/32/Ahmed.pdf
Abstract
Describes an approach to target the very poorest within a WASH
programme in urban slum in Bangladesh. Focus on economic access
using cross-subsidy approach. Uses poverty ranking by community to
identify hard-core poor. Two case studies presented, one a blind elderly
man, one a frail elderly woman.
Other key
focuses
Urban; Community
Reference
CABE (2006) The Principles of Inclusive Design (they include you).
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment: UK.
See Individual-related inequalities for more details.
Reference
Compendium of Accessible WASH Technologies.
See Universal design and approaches for more details.
Reference
DSK (2008) Report on Piloting of Appropriate Sanitation Options for
Differently Abled People. Submitted to WaterAid Bangladesh. Dushtha
Shasthya Kendra for WaterAid Bangladesh: Dhaka, Bangladesh.
See Individual-related inequalities for more details.
Reference
Salano G (2012) Toilet Design Clinics in Naivasha, Kenya. Case Study
4. In: WaterAid Australia, ed, (2012).
Format
PDF:
http://www.inclusivewash.org.au/Literature/Case%20Study%2004_Toilet
%20Design%20Clinics%20in%20Naivasha%20Kenya.pdf
Abstract
The provision of appropriate and sustainable sanitation technologies for
the urban poor is complex. There is a lack of clearly defined and
accessible technological options to suit different target groups, such as
older people, people with disabilities, children, men and women, and
ways of involving them at all the project stages. As a result of this
complexity, most urban planners, mandated local service providers and
development agencies prefer to evade issues of equity and inclusion
rather than designing and developing sustainable models that can be
replicated. Development of sustainable sanitation models for the urban
poor is one of Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor’s (WSUP) key
focus areas. By encouraging marginalised groups to engage in
participatory meetings, known as toilet design clinics, WSUP has been
able to uncover the diverse sanitation needs of these groups and address
issues such as gender integration. The result of this is the formation of
sanitation models that respond to specific gender needs, expectations
and cultural factors in order to influence sanitation use.
Other key
focuses
Urban; Design
Reference
Stand-alone unit or mainstreamed responsibility: How can water
utilities serve low-income communities?
Format
Webpage: http://www.wsup.com/resource/stand-alone-unit-ormainstreamed-responsibility-how-can-water-utilities-serve-low-incomecommunities/
Abstract
WSUP collected data from 10 case-studies across Africa and Asia in
order to investigate how water utilities can effectively structure their
organisation in order to extend services to low-income communities.
Other key
focuses
Urban poor
Reference
Sapkota, B., Bhatta, B., Ballav, M.W., Upreti, D., and Binks, A. (2012)
Water, sanitation and hygiene is a connector, not a divider: An
inclusive WASH case study. Case Study 2 in: WaterAid Australia (ed)
(2012).
See Universal design and approaches for more details.
Reference
Sinha, M., Trivedi, R. and Godfrey, S. (2006) A Project to Develop
Inclusive Models of Sanitation for Persons with Disabilities. 32nd
WEDC International Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka. WEDC.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/32/Sinha.pdf
Abstract
“Arushi, a voluntary organization working with PWD, in collaboration with
UNICEF [in India] initiated a project on developing “Inclusive Models of
Sanitation for Persons with Disabilities”. This paper outlines the various
components of the project, and its outcomes, including a study to detail
the special needs of PWD which further lead to the development of a
manual on inclusive models of sanitation.”
An example of collaboration between a watsan provider (UNICEF) and a
DPO. An interesting step in the process was awareness raising for
engineers and masons, to gain their buy-in, and to ensure that any
designs would be appropriately constructed.
Other key
focuses
Accessible public latrine; Accessible school latrine; Rural and urban
versions of each; Process of development of designs.
Links
See also ppt presentation <Trivedi_WEDC_presentation> that adds
further information.
Reference
Tan, K.S., Norman, W.R., Knepper, S., and Kamban, N. (2013) Access
to water sanitation and hygiene: a survey assessment of persons
with disabilities in rural Mali.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/36/Tan-1755.pdf
Abstract
This paper presents results from a survey on access to water, sanitation
and hygiene (WASH) for persons with disabilities in rural communities of
Mali, West Africa.
Other key
focuses
Rural; Disability
Reference
UN (2004) Accessibility for the Disabled - A Design Manual for a
Barrier Free Environment.
See Universal design and approaches for more details.
Reference
Van Houweling, E., Hall, R.P., Sakho Diop, A., Davis, J. and Seiss, M.
(2012) The role of productive water use in women’s livelihoods:
Evidence from rural Senegal. Water Alternatives 5(3): 658-677.
See Individual-related inequalities for more details.
Reference
WaterAid Mali (2007) All people, one goal, all access: Water and
sanitation access for people with disabilities. Briefing Note. WaterAid:
Mali.
Format
Pdf:
http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/all_people_one_g
oal_all_access.pdf
Abstract
Summary of findings of evaluation of pilot project to install accessible well
and adapted household latrines for disabled people in rural Mali. Focus
on technical improvements, with consultative process described.
Photos and drawings of designs presented.
Example of collaboration between watsan and disability NGOs (WaterAid
and Sightsavers).
Other key
focuses
Household level
Links
Russell, T. (2008) All people, all access: WATSAN for disabled people in
Mali. 33rd WEDC International Conference, Accra, Ghana. WEDC:
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/33/Russell_TJE.pdf
Based on: Russell, T. (2007) All People, One Goal, All Access: WATSAN
for vulnerable groups in Mali. WEDC, Loughborough University: UK.
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk. Copies available on request (permission from
author pending).
Reference
WELL (2006) Why the water and sanitation sector in East Africa
should consider disabled people. WELL Country Note 12.1. WEDC,
Loughborough University: UK.
Format
PDF:
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WE
LL%20CN%2012.1%20East%20Africa.pdf
Abstract
4-page briefing document for use in advocacy. Aimed at WATSAN
planners and decision makers, presents key messages in succinct,
attractive format. Above BN12 adapted for East African audience, using
information from Uganda and Tanzania.
Other key
focuses
Reference
WSUP (2015) Setting up an LIC unit: DWASA’s approach to serving
low-income communities in Dhaka.
Format
Webpage: http://www.wsup.com/resource/setting-up-an-lic-unit-dwasasapproach-to-serving-low-income-communities-in-dhaka/
Abstract
This practice note, prepared by WSUP (Water and Sanitation for the
Urban Poor), provides insights into the evolving approach of an urban
water utility’s attempts to extend services to low-income communities in
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Other key
focuses
Urban poor; Utilities management
Economic inequalities
Reference
Adams, J., Bartram, J., Chartier, Y., and Sims, J. (2009) Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-cost Settings.
World Health Organisation/ UNICEF: Geneva.
See Spatial inequalities for more details.
Reference
Ahmed, R. (2006) A Case Study on Reaching the Poorest and
Vulnerable. 32nd WEDC Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka. WEDC,
Loughborough University: UK.
See Spatial inequalities for more details.
Reference
Ahmed, S. (2012) Where no one has worked before: Innovations
behind WaterAid’s WASH work in Bangladesh tea garden
communities. Case study 01 In: WaterAid Australia.
Format
PDF:
http://www.inclusivewash.org.au/Literature/Case%20Study%2001_Where
%20no%20one%20has%20worked%20before.pdf
Abstract
Tea pickers are a unique community who live and work on tea gardens in
the northeast part of Bangladesh and whose communities are controlled
by tea estate owners. These privately owned tea gardens are restricted to
outsiders and no non-government organisations (NGOs) have previously
been able to introduce water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs
here before. It is essential for WASH access to extend to otherwise
excluded communities such as tea garden estates if Bangladesh hopes to
attain universal water and sanitation coverage. WaterAid in Bangladesh
along with its local NGO partner IDEA have successfully started a
program to provide WASH services to poor tea pickers. Through this
program they have developed innovative approaches to work within the
tea gardens that had not been tried before. This case study highlights
some of the tools and mechanisms used.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Ahmed, S. (2013) Reaching the marginalised and socially isolated
sex worker and sweeper communities of Tangail, Bangladesh. 36th
WEDC International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/36/Ahmed-1777.pdf
Abstract
Sex workers and sweepers are socially isolated in Bangladesh. Sex
workers are not economically deprived, but social elites or political forces
as well as the religious leaders of the time take stance against the sex
workers. Though sex workers are comparatively affluent, they can’t live in
the society with dignity and pride due to social stigma and isolation. They
are also deprived of basic human rights including water, sanitation and
hygiene service. On the other hand, sweepers are extremely poor and
socially indispensable. They clean the shit of thousands, but their WaSH
facilities are unhygienic and many times unusable.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Groce, N., Bailey, N., Lang, R., Trani, J. and Kett, M. (2011) Water and
sanitation issues for persons with disabilities in low- and middleincome countries: a literature review and discussion of implications
for global health and international development. Journal of Water and
Health, 9(4), pp 617-627.
Format
PDF: http://www.iwaponline.com/jwh/009/0617/0090617.pdf
Abstract
The critical importance of unrestricted access to clean drinking water and
basic sanitation for all is highlighted in Millennium Development Goal 7,
which calls for the reduction by half of the proportion of people without
such access by 2015. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to the
needs of such access for the one billion people living with a disability
worldwide, despite the fact that the right to equal access for all
international development initiatives is guaranteed in the new United
Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In this
paper, we review what is currently known about access to water and
sanitation for persons with disabilities in low- and middle-income
countries from the perspective of both international development and
global health, and identify existing gaps in research, practice and policy
that are of pressing concern if the water and sanitation needs of this large
- and largely overlooked - population are to be addressed.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Hosseinpoor, A.R., Stewart Williams, J.A., Gautam, J., Posarac, A.,
Officer, A., Verdes, E., Kostanjsek, N., and Chatterji, S. (2013)
Socioeconomic Inequality in Disability Among Adults: A
Multicountry Study Using the World Health Survey. American Journal
of Public Health, Vol 103, No 7, pp 1278-1286.
Format
Webpage: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3682610/
Abstract
Compared national prevalence and wealth-related inequality in disability
across a large number of countries from all income groups. Found that
Integrating equity components into the monitoring of disability trends
would help ensure that interventions reach and benefit populations with
greatest need.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Jones, H.E., Fisher, J., and Reed, R.A. (2012) Water and sanitation for
all in low-income countries in Proceedings of the ICE. Municipal
Engineer, 165(3), pp 167-174.
Format
PDF: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspacejspui/bitstream/2134/11742/4/Water%20and%20sanitation%20for%20all.
pdf
Abstract
In Europe, legislation exists to ensure that infrastructure facilities and
services are accessible to all. This may not work perfectly, but there is no
longer a need to debate the principle of access for all. In low-income
countries it is a different story. Improving accessibility to water and
sanitation is technically straightforward and low cost. Greater challenges
are posed by institutional and social barriers. However, evidence shows
that increased advocacy and information, together with training of
engineers about inclusive design, can reduce prejudice and increase
understanding of different needs and solutions. Drawing on examples
from Africa and Asia, this paper describes water and sanitation in lowincome countries, explaining the barriers that prevent access for
vulnerable users and gives an overview of inclusive design for latrines
and water points.
Other key
focuses
Design
Reference
Mahbub A (2008) Social Dynamics of CLTS: Inclusion of children,
women and vulnerable. CLTS Conference, 16-18 Dec 2008, Institute of
Development Studies: UK.
Format
PDF: http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/resource/socialdynamics-clts-inclusion-children-women-and-vulnerable
Abstract
This study which forms part of the IDS research project Going to Scale?
The Potential of Community-led Total Sanitation looks at the intensity and
significance of the participation of women and children
in CLTS processes in several villages of Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. It
also seeks to identify the extent of inclusion of the extreme poor and
marginalised in the process and their experience over time.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Miller, C. and Albert, B. (2005) Mainstreaming disability in
development: lessons from gender mainstreaming. In: Albert B ed, In
or out of the mainstream? Lessons from research on disability and
development cooperation. The Disability Press: Leeds, UK.
See Individual inequalities for more details.
Reference
Mulenga, M. (2011) Urban Sanitation Pathfinder. SHARE (Sanitation
and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity): UK.
Format
PDF:
http://www.shareresearch.org/localresources/urban_sanitation_pathfinder
_final_august2011.pdf
Abstract
This paper discusses the common constraints to the provision of
improved sanitation services to people living in low-income urban
communities in Africa and makes suggestions on improved practice. The
paper also highlights the current research gaps that SHARE could
potentially examine over the next five years. Over the years, both African
and Asian countries have faced enormous backlogs in the provision of
sanitation services, especially in urban poor communities, resulting partly
from the use of inappropriate service approaches. This is coupled with
limited financial resources and rapid urbanisation and population growth.
This paper also shows that for the Millennium Development Goal target
on sanitation to be achieved, there is need to develop effective links
between communities and sanitation agencies and to use cheaper
alternative sanitation technologies. Areas where sanitation improvements
have been made there is normally a good relationship between the
communities and the authorities. This paper is based on literature, work
experience, interviews and SHARE country visits. The paper also draws
on a paper presented by the author at the 2nd International Congress on
`Wastewater Treatment in Small Communities‘ in Seville in 2007.
Other key
focuses
Hygiene; Health
Reference
OHCHR (2012) Older persons among the poorest in the world.
Format
Webpage:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/Olderpersonsamongthepoor
estintheworld.aspx
Abstract
For those in midlife and beyond, ageing is often linked with poverty and
income insecurity. Estimations point to as many as 80 per cent of older
people not covered by social security, suggesting that a disturbing
number of around 607 million people aged 60 or older lack income
security. Given that women are less likely than men to have contributed to
formal pension schemes, a majority of these millions of individuals are
older women.
Other key
focuses
Age; Older people
Reference Snider, H. and Takeda, N. (2008) Design for All: Implications for World Bank
Operations. The World Bank: Washington.
Format
PDF:
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DISABILITY/Resources/Universal_Design.pdf
Abstract
Proposes Universal Design (UD) (US term for Inclusive design) to be adopted
by the World Bank in its infrastructure projects.
Presents the benefits of UD and its applications, including in water and
sanitation, and compelling reasons for its adoption, i.e. human rights, essential
for inclusive development, and the most cost-effective, flexible and effective
approach.
Key considerations for implementing UD:
Incorporate UD from the outset
Establish participatory mechanisms for UD in specific projects
Educate designers, builders and users about UD
Include a UD component into procurement
Identify regional or country accessibility standards and anti-discrimination
legislation.
Other key
focuses
Inclusive design
Reference
Sy, J., Warner, R., and Jamieson, J. (2014) Tapping the Markets:
Opportunities for Domestic Investments in Water and Sanitation for
the Poor.
Format
Webpage: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16538
Abstract
Developing country governments and the international development
community are looking for ways to accelerate access to improved water
and sanitation services beyond the Millennium Development Goal (MDG)
targets. Countries do not have the capacity to meet the need for improved
water supplies and sanitation services from public resources alone.
These challenges present an opportunity for domestic enterprises in
these growing markets. In fact, millions of poor and non-poor households
rely on the private sector to meet their needs. The range of private sector
services provided goes far beyond final service delivery. The domestic
private sector is increasingly being viewed as a central part of the
solution. Governments are increasingly interested in engaging with the
private sector to increase access of the poor to services. Effective scaleup of access through the domestic private sector requires an
understanding of the market potential, the state of entrepreneurs'
operations, and factors that shape their business environment and
investment decisions. This document examines private sector provision of
piped water services and on-site sanitation services in rural areas and
small towns, with case studies from several countries. The preferences
and circumstances of poor households and the performance of
enterprises that provide services directly to them are examined, as are
commercial and investment climate factors that may affect enterprises'
actual or perceived costs and risks.
Other key
focuses
Private sector
Reference
World Bank (2013) Nepal - Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Project (RWSSP). Washington DC : World Bank.
Format
PDF:
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/02/17410554/nepal-
second-rural-water-supply-sanitation-project-rwssp
Abstract
Second Nepal Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project facilitated the
incorporation of credit facilities to enable women invest their free time in
income generating activities.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Group-related inequalities
Individual-related inequalities
Reference
ADD International Bangladesh (n.d.) Sanitation for Women and Men
with Disabilities: Successes and Lessons Learned.
Format
Looking for link to source.
Abstract
The objective of this project, as stated in the report was: people with
disability in general and women in particular have improved hygiene
practice and access to accessible WASH services/facilities where women
have an active role in decision making at all levels..
Other key
focuses
Disability; Gender
Reference
Ahmed, S., Jahan, H., Bala, B. and Hall, M. (2011) Inclusive Sanitation:
Breaking down barriers, 35th WEDC International Conference.
WEDC, Loughborough University: UK.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/35/Ahmed-S-1132.pdf
Abstract
During the implementation of WaterAid Bangladesh’s current project it
became evident that certain populations were unintentionally being
excluded – people with disabilities were one of these groups. Social
stigmas and access difficulties meant that they were not present in CBOs
or hygiene promotional sessions and excluded from decision making
activities, resulting in continued open defecation and other unhygienic
behaviours. The linkages between poverty and disability are strong, with
disability being both the cause and effect of poverty. This paper
concentrates on the barriers faced by people with disabilities in accessing
water and sanitation services and explains how through WaterAid
Bangladesh’s recent initiative, a greater understanding on breaking these
barriers is strengthening the future interventions.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
AngloAmerican Group Foundation, WaterAid and SAfAIDS (2014)
Integrated approach to HIV and water, sanitation and hygiene in
Southern Africa: A gap and needs assessment. WaterAid; AMREF:
Tanzania.
Format
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Integrated-approach-
to-HIV-and-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-Southern-Africa.pdf
Abstract
The report shows that 70% of all people living with HIV in the world reside
in Sub-Saharan Africa. This equates to approximately 25 million people.
This report documents findings of a rapid assessment on existing
implementation linkages between HIV responses on one hand, and water,
sanitation and hygiene (WASH) on the other, in four southern African
countries: Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland and Zambia.
Other key
focuses
Infections; Diseases
Reference
Danquah, L. (2014) Undoing inequity: inclusive water, sanitation and
hygiene programmes that deliver for all in Uganda – Full mid-term
review report. WaterAid.
Format
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Undoing-inequityinclusive-water-sanitation-hygiene-Uganda.pdf?la=en
Abstract
The aim of the Undoing Inequity research is to develop and test an
approach that aimed to improve access to WASH for all, and thereby
provide equal access to people who are marginalised and vulnerable.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Ahmed, R. and Yesmin, K. (2008) Menstrual hygiene: Breaking the
silence. Beyond construction: use by all: a collection of case studies from
sanitation and hygiene promotion practitioners in South Asia. WaterAid
and IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre: London.
Format
PDF:
http://www.wateraid.org/documents/ch21_menstrual_hygiene_breaking_t
he_silence.pdf
Webpage: http://www.irc.nl/page/40593
Abstract
Despite major developments in the hygiene and sanitation sector in
recent years, the menstrual requirements of women and adolescent girls
have been ignored. Overcoming this gap is vital. Menstruation is normal
and natural, but many women suffer and die because of widespread
ignorance and shame.
An awareness-building programme from WaterAid Bangladesh (WAB)
helped put the issue on the development agenda. Menstrual awareness
and management is now incorporated in all WAB and its partners'
sanitation and hygiene programmes.
Hygiene education and awareness; ‘women friendly’ design and
construction of latrines – includes extra space for washing and drying
sanitary pads, washing platform, drying hanger; disposal facilities for used
rags.
Other key
focuses
Menstruation management; Menstrual hygiene management (MHM)
Links
Briefer version of the above: Ahmed & Yesmin (2008) Breaking the
silence on menstrual hygiene in Bangladesh Source Bulletin No.51.
http://www.irc.nl/page/39141
Reference
Alireja, I. and Spicer, B. (2012) Indonesian education system:
Influencing policy to achieve results. Case study 08. In: WaterAid
Australia.
Format
PDF:
http://www.inclusivewash.org.au/Literature/Case%20Study%2008_Inclusi
ve%20WASH%20facilities%20and%20the%20Indonesian%20education
%20system.pdf
Abstract
Ensuring the schools provided equal opportunity for girls and poor
children to access junior secondary education was a key focus of the
Australia Indonesia Basic Education Program (2006-2010_ from the
outset. At the request of the Indonesian government, and with AusAID’s
adoption in 2008 of the strategy Development for All: Towards a Disability
Inclusive Australian Aid Program, attention was also given to ensuring the
schools were accessible for children with disabilities. This included
ensuring that the schools constructed with Australian funding were
physically accessible for students with disabilities and also supporting the
development of an inclusive education policy in Indonesia. This inclusive
education policy has led to the training of school officials, such as
principals and school committee members, and local government officials
on school-based management, including gender mainstreaming and
inclusive education. This case study focuses on the water, sanitation and
hygiene (WASH) related components of the program.
Other key
focuses
Sex; Gender
Reference
Avicenna Consulting (2012) Ageing and disability task force:
Technical guidelines for health, water & sanitation, hygiene and
shelter programmes in emergencies.
Format
PDF:
http://pakresponse.info/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=mrqtO3SMVjE%3D&tabi
d=155&mid=990
Abstract
Older people and persons with disabilities often find themselves in a
particularly vulnerable situation whenever a disaster strikes. In
emergency response and recovery phases, they tend to be, de facto,
excluded from the relief and reconstruction activities. Most humanitarian
actors have uniform approaches and mechanisms to respond to
disasters, thus omitting to take into account the specificities, barriers and
contributions relative to different groups within the population. Attention
needs to be drawn on the necessary adaptations to ensure access for all
in the humanitarian response, through inclusion and participation of
persons with all types of impairments (hearing, visual, physical and
intellectual) as well as older persons. Without taking appropriate
measures, these persons will remain largely invisible and will not be in a
position to fully avail the services provided by various relief actors.
Other key
focuses
Disaster management; Disability
Reference
British Geriatrics Society (2007) Behind Closed Doors Toilet Access.
Environmental Audit.
Format
PDF: http://www.bgs.org.uk/Publications/dignity/Environmental_audit.pdf
Webpage: http://www.bgs.org.uk/campaigns/dignity-laytool.htm
Abstract
Easy to use one-page document for use by a family member or carer in
assessing the usability of a toilet by an older or disabled person. Userfriendly format. UK based - needs adapting for different country context.
Other key
focuses
Age
Reference
CABE (2006) The Principles of Inclusive Design (they include you).
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment: UK.
Format
PDF:
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.ca
be.org.uk/files/the-principles-of-inclusive-design.pdf
Abstract
20-page colour booklet presenting key principles of inclusive design, with
photo illustrations. Showing a variety of types of users benefiting from
well-designed buildings (women with small children, people carrying
heavy loads, as well as wheelchair users and blind people with guide
dogs (UK based examples)).
Other key
focuses
Practical guidance; Inclusive design
Reference
CCBRT, EEPCO and UNICEF (2010) School WASH for All Children in
Tanzania. UNICEF: Tanzania.
Format
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/school-wash.pdf
Abstract
School water, sanitation and hygiene contribute to children's learning and
school experiences in many ways, it: improves cognitive function and
attention; reduces days missed from school; provides more time on the
learning task; and increases dignity and safety. Because of inadequate
school WASH many children are therefore currently not meeting their
learning potential.
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Reference
Collender G., Wilbur, J. and Gosling, L. (2011) Including disabled
people in sanitation and hygiene services. Briefing note. SHARE;
Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre;
WaterAid: London.
Format
PDF:
http://www.shareresearch.org/LocalResources/DisabilityWorkshopBriefing
Note.pdf
Abstract
The needs of disabled people in developing countries are consistently
overlooked when it comes to providing sanitation and hygiene services.
This reality has severe and widespread consequences for the health,
dignity, education and employment of disabled people and their
caregivers. This briefing note explores these issues and suggests how
more and better research could influence policy and improve
programmes.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Derbyshire, H. (2012) Gender mainstreaming: recognising and
building on progress. Views from the UK Gender and Development
Network, Gender and Development, 20(3), pp 405-422.
Format
Webpage: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/gendermainstreaming-recognising-and-building-on-progress-views-from-the-ukgen-251875
Abstract
This article is a contribution to the debate on whether to mainstream
gender, and how to mainstream gender, from the UK Gender and
Development Network (GADN) Gender Mainstreaming Working Group. It
draws on nine case studies of gender mainstreaming in the UK-based
offices of international non-government organisations, and finds a
complex but generally positive picture of progress. It concludes that the
case for gender mainstreaming remains valid. Women’s projects on their
own are limited in their ability to bring about fundamental change for
women - complementary gender mainstreaming efforts are required to
ensure that all development spending takes women’s rights and gender
equality into account. Success in gender mainstreaming depends on the
skills, resources, and influence of internal gender advocates, in
combination with the effect of external influences on the enabling
environment of the organisation. Gender mainstreaming is a long-term
process which requires time, resources, skill, and persistence - but there
is clear evidence of positive change.
Other key
focuses
Sex; Gender
Reference
Diawara, A. (2005) Etude sur l’Accès et l’Utilisation des Services
d’Eau et d’Assainissement par les Couches Vulnérables. WaterAid
Mali: Bamako.
Format
PDF
Abstract
Assessment of current situation of disabled people and people living with
HIV/AIDS in relation to obstacles accessing water and sanitation in Mali.
Report for WaterAid Mali
Other key
focuses
Individual-related inequalities
Reference DSK (2008) Report on Piloting of Appropriate Sanitation Options for
Differently Abled People. Submitted to WaterAid Bangladesh. Dushtha
Shasthya Kendra for WaterAid Bangladesh: Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Format
PDF:
http://www.asksource.info/pdf/35890_appropriatesanitationoptions_2008.pdf
Abstract
Describes implementation of pilot project in urban slums in Dhaka,
Bangladesh, by Dushtha Shasthya Kendra (DSK) in collaboration with
Action on Disability and Development (ADD) with the objective of
introducing appropriate and user-friendly sanitation options for ‘differently
able people’ (DAP) (including pregnant women, disabled and elderly
people). Step-by-step consultation process with DAP, assessment,
community consultation, adaptation of facilities, trialling, readjustment.
Focus on adapting existing communal facilities to include DAP (separate
special facilities risk creating isolation).
One photo of ramp to ‘cluster’ latrine; no drawings or descriptions provided.
Example of benefits of collaboration between watsan NGO (DSK) and
disability NGO (ADD).
Other key
focuses
Hygiene; Latrines
Reference
Fernandes, J., Cooke, S., and Nguyen, H. (2012) Building skills in
disability inclusive WASH: Perspectives from a DPO in Timor-Leste.
Case study 07 In: WaterAid Australia (ed) (2012).
See Universal designs and approaches for more details
Reference
Fisher, J. (2006) For Her It's the Big Issue: Putting women at the
centre of water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Evidence Report.
Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC): Geneva.
Format
PDF: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspacejspui/bitstream/2134/9970/20/wsscc_for_her_its_the_big_issue_evidence
_report_2006_en.pdf
Abstract
Presents the contributions that women have made to WASH
programmes, strengthening the argument that women can be key agents
of change if they are involved at all levels of planning, implementation and
operation of WASH projects.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Reference
Fisher, J. (2006) The Child Health MDG: what water, sanitation and
hygiene can do. WELL Briefing Note #3. WEDC/WELL: Loughborough
University: UK.
Format
PDF:
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/well/WELL_BN03_Child_Health_Millen
nium_Development_Goal.pdf
Abstract
4-page coloured format designed for advocacy. Key messages presented
in brief headlines with supporting facts case examples and photos.
Other key
focuses
Young people
Reference
Fisher, J. (2004) The HIV/AIDS Millennium Development Goal: What
water, sanitation and hygiene can do. WELL Briefing Note #5.
WEDC/WELL: Loughborough University: UK.
Format
PDF: http://www.kit.nl/health/wpcontent/uploads/publications/560_TOP2HIV_AIDS05.pdf
Abstract
4-page coloured format designed for advocacy. Key messages presented
in brief headlines with supporting facts, case examples and photos.
Other key
focuses
Infections; Diseases
Reference
HAI (2000) Older People in disasters and humanitarian crises:
Guidelines for best practice. Helpage International: London.
Format
PDF:
http://www.globalaging.org/armedconflict/countryreports/haigiudelines.pdf
Abstract
These Guidelines for best practice are based on wide-ranging new
research from Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas and many years’
global disaster experience. They aim to help relief agencies meet the
special needs of older people in emergencies. While older people are
commonly accepted as being a vulnerable or potentially vulnerable group,
at present very little is done to meet their particular needs, or to recognise
their unique capacities and contributions. Humanitarian interventions
often ignore older people’s special needs, using systems that discriminate
against them and, on occasion, undermine their capacity to support
themselves. The guidelines give examples of key approaches and actions
that could help the humanitarian community reduce the vulnerability
associated with ageing. They also suggest ways to enhance the
capacities and contribution of older people in emergencies. The
guidelines also explore the wider issues relating to older people in
humanitarian crises. These range from globally agreed principles of social
and civil practice and global demographic changes, to the physical impact
of the ageing process, common images and assumptions held about
older people, the key problems they face, and the gender dimensions of
their needs.
Other key
focuses
Age; Older people; Disaster management
Reference
Halcrow G., Rowland C., Willetts J., Crawford J. and Carrard N. (2010)
Resource Guide: Working effectively with women and men in water,
sanitation and hygiene programs. International Women’s Development
Agency and Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology
Sydney, Australia.
Format
PDF:
https://acfid.asn.au/sites/site.acfid/files/resource_document/WASHRESO
URCEGUIDE.pdf
Abstract
This Guide is to assist program and field staff involved in the design,
implementation and/or evaluation of community-based water, sanitation
and hygiene (WASH) programs to work effectively with both women and
men.
Other key
focuses
Gender; Design
Reference
Handicap International (2005) How to Include Disability Issues in
Disaster Management: Following floods 2004 in Bangladesh.
Handicap International: Bangladesh.
Format
PDF: http://www.handicapinternational.de/fileadmin/redaktion/pdf/disability_management.pdf
Abstract
Focus on Bangladesh, very practical ‘How to..’ manual.
See pages 29 – 40 for shelter, water and sanitation, water sources,
latrines.
Photos, 3D drawings and dimensions given.
Very accessible to non-technical audience.
(N.B. A pat on the head (p.33) is probably not the best form of
encouragement)
See also Nawaz, J. et al (2006).
Other key
focuses
Disaster management
Reference
Hanley, C. (2011) Disability Inclusion within WASH Programs – Case
studies. Disability and WASH Webinar. 14 Dec 2011.
Format
Webpage: http://www.inclusivewash.org.au/people-with-disabilities
Abstract
People with a disability represent the largest socially excluded group
globally and most live without access to basic sanitary services, which
can exacerbate impairments and poverty.
This session reviews the WASH needs of people living with disabilities,
discusses processes to identify communities’ access needs and
introduces the adaptive technologies available for WASH projects. This
session is comprised of two webinars.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Jones, H. (2013) Mainstreaming disability and ageing in water,
sanitation and hygiene programmes: A mapping study carried out
for WaterAid. Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC).
Format
PDF:
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/learning/EI_WASH_ageing_disability_re
port.pdf
Abstract
This study gives an overview of how disability and ageing issues have
been incorporated into water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)
programmes. It presents a ‘mainstreaming continuum’ as a conceptual
framework to show the different stages organisations go through: from
pilot studies and projects, through capacity building and guidelines, to a
state in which disability and ageing fully considered in all work. The
different stages on the continuum can be used to acknowledge what has
already been achieved, build on progress, and help see what needs to be
done to move to the next stage.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
House, S. and Cavill, S. (2015) Making Sanitation and Hygiene Safer:
Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence. Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations
and Insights Issue 5, Brighton: IDS.
Format
PDF:
http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitat
ion.org/files/Frontiers_no5_Making_Sanitation_and_Hygiene_Safer_0.pdf
Abstract
This issue of Frontiers of CLTS focuses on the issue of safety and
vulnerabilities to violence that women, girls and sometimes boys and men
can face which are related to sanitation and hygiene. It points out areas in
which CLTS methodologies, if not used skilfully with awareness and care,
can run the potential risk of creating additional vulnerabilities, for example
as a by-product of community pressure to reach ODF. It also looks at
good practices within organisations to ensure that those working in the
sector know how to programme to reduce vulnerabilities to violence and
to ensure that sector actors also do not become the perpetrators of, or
face violence.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Reference
Irura, C. (2008) Women, water and sanitation: going the extra mile.
Format
Webpage: http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/comment/48637
Abstract
Discusses issues facing African women related to water and sanitation.
Issues raised include need for proximity of watsan facilities, increased
security and privacy and access to good menstrual hygiene.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Reference
IRC (2006) Ghana - Girl-friendly toilets for schoolgirls: helping
adolescent girls.
Format
PDF:
http://www.washinschools.info/content/download/329/2772/file/Ghana%2
0final%20girl%20friendly%20toilets%20SSHE%20case%20study_WEB.p
df
Abstract
Case study of a Plan International project in Ghana to design ‘girl-friendly’
school toilets, based on consultation with girl students. Includes a room
for washing and changing, larger toilet holes to suit girls, door on the
urinal, water and soap inside changing room and at exit to urinal. The
design is being piloted in 10 schools in Ghana. Photos and 3D drawings
provided.
Other key
focuses
SWASH; Gender
Links
WASH in schools website: www.schools.watsan.net
Reference
IRC (2009) Impact and sustainability of WASH in schools research.
Format
Link will be added at a later date.
Abstract
Key findings of 2 studies (in Kenya and India):
If sufficient taps are provided, children wash their hands more often
If toilets are clean and well maintained, more children use them.
Conclusion: both software and hardware inputs are needed. Perfect
facilities alone do not ensure good WASH in schools.
Other key
focuses
Environmental factors; Hygiene; Latrines; Waste disposal
Links
For full studies: Mathew, K. et al (2009) The sustainability and impact of
school sanitation, water and hygiene education in Kerala, Southern India.
IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre: Delft.
http://www.irc.nl/page/48277. Njuguna, V. et al (2009) see below.
Reference
Jansz, S. and Wilbur, J. (2013) Women and WASH. Briefing Note.
WaterAid: UK.
Format
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Briefing-Note-Howcan-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-help-realise-womens-rights-andgender-equality.pdf?la=en
Abstract
A lack of access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) affects women
disproportionally, due to both biological and cultural factors. In addition to
meeting women’s specific practical needs, WASH is also essential for
their social and economic development, contributing towards gender
equality and the realisation of their rights.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Reference
John Hopkins and Red Cross Red Crescent (2008) Water, sanitation
and hygiene in emergencies. In: The John Hopkins and Red Cross Red
Crescent Public health guide in emergencies.
Format
PDF: http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/center-forrefugee-and-disasterresponse/publications_tools/publications/_CRDR_ICRC_Public_Health_G
uide_Book/Chapter_8_Water_Sanitation_and_Hygiene_in_Emergencies.
pdf
Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of improving water, sanitation,
vector control and hygiene in emergency settings.
Other key
focuses
Disaster management
Reference
Jones, H. and Jansz, S. (2008) Disability and Sanitation. Soap and
Toilets Briefing Note 3.WaterAid: UK.
Format
Full text: http://www.wateraid.org/
Abstract
A 9-page internal WaterAid discussion paper. This paper presents water,
sanitation and hygiene issues in the context of disability. It examines the
implications for WaterAid's work, what issues need to be considered, and
the comparative advantages of different starting points and approaches. It
would be useful for practitioners interested in inclusive water, sanitation
and hygiene initiatives for people with disabilities.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Jones, H.E., Parker, K.J., and Reed, R.A. (2002) Water and sanitation
access and use by physically disabled people: literature review.
WEDC, Loughborough University: UK.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/docs/research/WEJY3/Literature_review.pdf
Abstract
A review was undertaken of both published and unpublished literature
from all over the world. Formal published literature was found through
searches of 20 library databases, 14 web-based journals and information
networks, 10 United Nations (UN) websites, and over 40 further websites
of funders, bilateral and non-government agencies. A call for information
was circulated through British Overseas NGOs for Development (BOND)
Disability and Development Working Group members, international NGOs
(INGOs), several mailing lists, announcements on three e-mail discussion
lists, on electronic bulletins, via UN agencies and disabled people’s
organisations (DPOs).
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Jones, H.E. and Reed, R.A. (2005) Water and Sanitation for Disabled
People and other Vulnerable Groups: designing services to improve
accessibility. Water, Engineering and Development Centre,
Loughborough University: UK.
See Universal designs and approaches for more details.
Reference
Kamban, N. and Norman, R. (2013) Inclusive WASH development:
Technology adaptations for persons with disabilities. 36th WEDC
International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya.
Format
PDF:
http://www.wvi.org/sites/default/files/Kamban_Norman_Inclusive_WASH_
Development_March_2013.pdf
Abstract
This briefing paper, presented at the 36th annual WEDC Conference in
Kenya, written by leaders from Messiah College, describes the findings,
recommendations and guidelines for inclusive WASH development
gleaned from experience with the Africa WASH & Disabilities Study
(AWDS). The AWDS seeks to facilitate access to WASH installations
through modifications of existing WASH installations (e.g. hand-pumps,
pump superstructures, latrines and laundry aprons) as well as through the
development of simple, low-cost assistive WASH technologies (e.g.
latrine seats and chairs).
Other key
focuses
Inclusive design; Disability
Reference
Kamminga, E. and Wegelin-Schuringa, M. (2005) HIV/AIDS and water,
sanitation and hygiene. Thematic Overview Paper. IRC International
Water and Sanitation Centre: Delft.
Format
PDF: http://www.kit.nl/health/wpcontent/uploads/publications/560_TOP2HIV_AIDS05.pdf
Abstract
This paper addresses the links between HIV/AIDS and WASH, the impact
of HIV/AIDS on WATSAN organisations and service provision; lessons
learned in preventing and mitigating effects of HIV/AIDS both outside and
inside the WATSAN sector.
Suggestions for what the WATSAN sector can do about the problem of
HIV/AIDS at different levels include:
Water supply technologies that require less labour for O&M, e.g.
handpumps, lower well walls, spring protection, rainwater harvesting
Home-based water treatment, e.g. SODIS
Mechanisms for PLWHA especially women, to voice their needs
To address inequalities, adapt cost-recovery strategies to accommodate
the poorest (often HIV/AIDS affected) households.
Other key
focuses
Infections; Diseases
Links
http://www.irc.nl/page/3462
Reference
Kpehounton, C.D. and Serge, D.M. (2012) Access to drinking water
for people with disabilities in the town of Tenkodo (Burkina Faso).
Case study 11. WaterAid Australia (ed) (2012).
See Universal designs and approaches for more details.
Reference
Luh, J., Baum, R., and Bartram, J., (2013) Equity in water and
sanitation: Developing an index to measure progressive realization
of the human right. In: International Journal of Hygiene and
Environmental Health. Available online 17.1.13.
Format
Webpage: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23333082
Abstract
We developed an index to measure progressive realization for the human
right to water and sanitation. While in this study we demonstrate its
application to the non-discrimination and equality component for water,
the conceptual approach of the index can be used for all the different
components of the human right. The index was composed of one
structural, one process, and two outcome indicators and is bound
between -1 and 1, where negative values indicate regression and positive
values indicate progressive realization. For individual structural and
process indicators, only discrete values such as -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, and 1
were allowed. For the outcome indicators, any value between -1 and 1
was possible, and a State's progress was evaluated using rates of
change. To create an index that would allow for fair comparisons between
States and across time, these rates of change were compared to
benchmarked rates, which reflect the maximum rates a State can
achieve. Using this approach, we calculated the index score for 56 States
in 2010 for which adequate data were available and demonstrated that
these index scores were not dependent on factors such as achieved level
of coverage or gross national income. The proposed index differs from
existing measures of inequality as it measures rate of change and not
level of achievement, and thus addresses the principle of progressive
realization that is fundamental to human rights.
Other key
focuses
Human right; Indicator; Progressive realization
Reference Lewis, I. (ed.) (2000) Access for All: Helping to make participatory
processes accessible for everyone. Practice Guidelines. Save the Children:
UK.
Format
PDF:
http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/access_for_all_1.pdf
Abstract
Based on Save the Children experience of conducting participatory activities.
Includes practical guidance on meeting the needs of children and adults with
physical access needs, communication needs (language translation including
sign language), and people with visual impairments.
Other key
focuses
Reference Masondo, J. (n.d.) South Africa: Women in Sanitation and Brick
Making Project, Mabule Village. Mvula Trust.
Format
PDF:
http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/MASOND
O%20ny%20Women%20in%20Sanitation%20and%20Brick%20Making%
20Project.pdf
Abstract
Case study from the Resource Guide on Gender and IWRM on gender,
capacity building and sanitation and hygiene.
Other key
focuses
Gender; Sanitation
Reference
Miller, C. and Albert, B. (2005) Mainstreaming disability in
development: lessons from gender mainstreaming. In: Albert B ed, In
or out of the mainstream? Lessons from research on disability and
development cooperation. The Disability Press: Leeds, UK.
Format
PDF: http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_gender.pdf
Abstract
At an international conference held in London in November 2003 disabled
delegates from more than 20 countries made a strong call for disability to
be mainstreamed in development. It was argued that this was not being
done despite many promises from various governments and international
agencies. However, it is only within the last few years that the idea that
disability must be approached as a fundamental human rights issue has
begun to make a significant impression on governments and international
development agencies. Unfortunately, it remains primarily just that: an
impression.
Other key
focuses
Reference
Nawaz, J. et al (2006) Screened Toilet, Bathing and Menstruation
Units for the Earthquake Response in NWFP, Pakistan. 32nd WEDC
International Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka. WEDC.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/32/Nawaz.pdf
Authors’
abstract
In water and sanitation interventions, sensitivity is required for the
particular needs of communities when women live in seclusion. In these
communities female-headed households may have restricted access to
relief supplies and restricted opportunities to make their needs known.
Additional screening around water and sanitation facilities can help to
provide additional privacy for women and men living in camp
environments in emergency settings.
Based on Oxfam experience in Pakistan.
Describes issues faced by women in camps, consultation process, and
practical solutions put in place. Photos and plan drawings.
Other key
focuses
Menstruation management; Menstrual hygiene management (MHM)
Reference
NEWAH (2004) Making Latrines User-Friendly for Everyone: An
exploratory research study on the discomfort faced by pregnant
women, elderly, overweight, sick and disabled people when using
squat latrines. Nepal Water for Health, Western Region Office: Pokhara,
Nepal.
Format
Pdf: http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/NEWAH-2004-Making.pdf
Abstract
This study sought to explore the problems experienced by ‘physically
challenged’ people – pregnant women, elderly, overweight, sick and
disabled people, when using latrines. The study found that most of these
users experience similar types of discomfort when using the latrines, in
some cases so extreme that users revert to open defecation. Some
reported psychological stress when using the latrines.
Options have been designed to make using a latrine more comfortable,
based on suggestions by users themselves, including two types of
commode to take the users weight while using the latrine and two types of
handles or bars for users to support themselves.
Study methodology described.
Drawings and photos of design solutions given.
Other key
focuses
Age; Gender; Disability
Reference
Ndesamburo, J., Flynn, E. & French, S. (2012) Looking through an
equity and inclusion lens in Tanzania: the experience of WaterAid.
Gender and Development, 20(3), pp 453-465.
See Universal designs and approaches for more details.
Reference
Ngirabakunzi, E., and Malinga J. (2014) Disability and the World Bank
Safeguard Campaign: Effect of UPPET programme on PWDs: Case
study of Kasese district.
Format
Webpage: http://www.bankinformationcenter.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/FINAL-NUDIPU-KASESE-CASE-STUDY.pdf
Abstract
This report, published by NUDIPU (National Union of Disabled Persons of
Uganda), investigates the effects of World Bank funded UPPET
(Universal Post Primary Education and Training) programmes in Uganda
on PWDs (persons with disabilities). It utilises findings gathered from a
case study of two secondary schools in the Kasese district. The report
features pre- and post- intervention visuals that exemplify the contrast
between accessible and inaccessible infrastructure. It also incorporates
the narratives of persons with disabilities highlighting the direct impact of
the programmes.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Nile Basin Initiative (2014) Documenting Gender Mainstreaming Good
Practices in NBI Programs and Projects.
Format
PDF: http://nileis.nilebasin.org/content/documenting-gendermainstreaming-good-practices-nbi-programs-and-projects
Abstract
The report highlights the good gender practices, and provides
recommendations on how the identified good practices can be improved
for possible replication in NBI activities, processes, programs and
projects.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Reference
Njuguna, V. et al (2009) The sustainability and impact of school
sanitation, water and hygiene education in Kenya. IRC International
Water and Sanitation Centre: Delft.
Format
Webpage: http://www.ircwash.org/resources/sustainability-and-impactschool-sanitation-water-and-hygiene-education-kenya
Word document: http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Njuguna-2008Sustainability.doc
Abstract
Key findings:
Sufficient taps for handwashing in toilets results in increased
handwashing and cleaner toilets. Toilets that are clean and provide
privacy are better used by children.
Other key
focuses
Links
IRC impact study: IRC (2009) http://www.irc.nl/page/48277
Reference
Norman, R.W. (2010) Water, Sanitation and Disability in rural West
Africa: enhancing access and use of WASH facilities. A summary
report of the Mali water and disabilities study. Messiah College: USA.
Format
PDF:
http://www.inclusivewash.org.au/_literature_67847/Water,_sanitation_and
_disability_in_rural_west_Africa
Abstract
The Mali Water and Disabilities Study was established to examine issues
of access to and use of clean water and sanitation facilities by disabled p
ersons within target communities of the West Africa Water Initiative. The
three‐year Study (20072009) was supported by the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation and
jointly implemented by Messiah College and World Vision Mali. Messiah
College provided conceptual leadership, conducted laboratory work at its
campus facilities in the U.S., and sent faculty and student research teams
to West Africa twice each year. World Vision Mali supported the Study wi
th in‐ country logistics, community access and year‐
around field staff. The Study also partnered with local organizations such
as Handicap International,
WaterAid, and the Sisters of the Annunciation in Mandiakuy, Mali.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Oxfam (2007) Excreta Disposal for Physically Vulnerable People in
Emergencies. Oxfam GB: Oxford, UK.
Format
PDF:
http://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/oxfam/bitstream/10546/126706/5/t
bn1-excreta-disposal-physically-vulnerable-people-emergenices19012007-en.pdf
Abstract
This Technical Brief highlights good practice in making simple
modifications to latrines to make them user-friendly for physically
vulnerable people (elderly or disabled people, people with injuries,
pregnant women, small children etc). Based on information from Oxfam
good practice in the field, including discussions with users who have
disabilities, and from WEDC research (Jones & Reed, 2005).
6 pages focus on design options, both individual solutions and accessible
design options for communal facilities. Drawings, photos and plans.
Other key
focuses
Latrines; Environmental factors; Waste disposal; Disaster management
Reference
Pande, A. (2009) A Period is no Longer a Full Stop.
Format
Webpage: http://www.boloji.com/wfs6/2009/wfs1266.htm (Last updated:
7.06.09; Accessed: 24.03.10)
Abstract
Describes a UNICEF-funded initiative in Tamil Nadu India to develop and
trial sanitary napkin vending machines in government schools and
colleges. Also compact electronic incinerator for disposal of soiled
napkins. Result – improved menstrual hygiene.
Other key
focuses
Menstruation management; Menstrual hygiene management (MHM)
Reference
Reed, B.J. and Smout, I. (2005) Building with the Community:
engineering projects to meet the needs of both men and women.
WEDC, Loughborough University: UK.
See Universal designs and approaches for more details.
Reference
Roose, S., Rankin, T. and Cavill, S. (2015) Breaking the Next Taboo:
Menstrual Hygiene within CLTS. Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and
Insights Issue 6, Brighton: IDS.
Format
PDF:
http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitat
ion.org/files/Frontiers_no6_MHM_0.pdf
Abstract
Menstruation is a natural and healthy part of the life of women and girls,
but is often a taboo subject, not easily talked about, which can lead to
feelings of embarrassment and shame. It can also lead to girls losing
attention at school or missing days from school. Menstruation is a core
element of sanitation and hygiene which affects half of the world’s
population for a large proportion of their lives. This issue of Frontiers of
CLTS illustrates how Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS)
programmes can be expanded to address menstrual hygiene
management (MHM) in schools and communities to alleviate these
stresses on women and girls. It shares learning, recommendations,
innovations and experiences from Plan International, WaterAid, WSSCC,
UNICEF, WASH United, Grow and Know and USAID/WASHplus.
Other key
focuses
Sex; Gender; Menstrual hygiene management (MHM)
Reference
Sleap, B. (2006) Access for All: securing older people's access to
water and sanitation. 32nd WEDC International Conference, Colombo,
Sri Lanka.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/32/Sleap.pdf
Abstract
Presents issues of older people in accessing water and sanitation
facilities.
Describes two programmes:
Improving older people’s access to water using traditional water collection
and storage methods in india
A sanitation programme initiated and run by an older people’s association
in Cambodia.
4-page paper based on experience of Helpage International.
Other key
focuses
Age; Older people
Reference
Shrestha, G.R. (2006) Case Study on Addressing Sanitation Needs of
Disabled People in Nepal. Final Draft - 1. Nepal Water for Health
(NEWAH): Kathmandu.
Format
PDF:
http://www.asksource.info/pdf/35891_CSsanitationDPOsNepal_2006.pdf
Abstract
Evaluation of a NEWAH pilot project in rural Nepal to “develop, test and
ensure access of disabled friendly latrines to disabled people.”
Project components: Base line survey; sanitary needs assessment of
disabled people; training to staff of partners; financial and technical
supports to build sanitary units; education on health and hygiene to
disabled people and their family members; monitoring and evaluation.
Individualised adaptations for household latrines:
Toilet seats of metal or wood with plastic seats purchased locally to place
over toilet hole of existing latrine; where distance to latrine was an issue,
rails or walking frames provided
Other key
focuses
Hygiene; Latrines; Access; Evaluation
Reference
The Leprosy Mission and WaterAid (2015) The importance of water,
sanitation and hygiene for lymphatic filariasis and leprosy care and
inclusion. Briefing Note.
Format
PDF:
http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/the_importance_of_water_s
anitation_and_hygiene_for_lymphatic_filariasis_and_leprosy_care_and_i
nclusion.pdf?la=en
Abstract
The purpose of this briefing note was to address the poor uptake of
MMDP (morbidity management and disability prevention) coupled with a
lack of WASH consideration in MMDP strategy guidelines represents a
significant barrier to improving the quality of life and health of infected
individuals. Therefore, this paper aims to clearly identify the role of WASH
for MMDP self-care, the WASH needs required for practising and
optimising selfcare, and the potential barriers to an individual’s access to
WASH services. We then offer recommendations for moving forward and
urge improved uptake of an integrated approach to MMDP self-care.
Other key
focuses
Infections; Diseases
Reference
Triwahyudi, W. (2013) Plan Indonesia: Disability Inclusion in WASH:
What has been achieved in 2012 and what’s next in 2013?
Format
PDF:
http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitat
ion.org/files/WASH_Disability_Inclusion_Plan_Indonesia.pdf
Abstract
Since the beginning of 2012 Plan Indonesia has been explicitly trying to
implement disability inclusion approaches within its existing sanitation and
hygiene projects. Even though the results achieved at the community
level vary, it is becoming clear that disability inclusion approaches are
making a difference in terms of enabling people with disability (PWD) to
have full access to basic sanitation and hygiene facilities. Plan Indonesia
considers the year of 2012 as the initial step of disability inclusion
achievement within its WASH program, which will be built on in the
following years.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
UNFCC (n.d.) Rainwater Harvesting by Women Groups in Rakai and
Masaka Districts – Uganda.
Format
Website:
http://unfccc.int/secretariat/momentum_for_change/items/8355.php
Abstract
Report on a project that enables vulnerable women in Uganda to tap a
clean and safe water source.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Reference
UNICEF (2006) Progress for Children: a Report Card on Water and
Sanitation. United Nations Children's Fund: New York.
Format
PDF:
http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Progress_for_Children_No._5__English.pdf
Abstract
Report from 2006 setting out how progress and lack of progress on water
and sanitation MDGs affect children in different regions of the world.
Other key
focuses
Youth
Reference
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing learning, health and
participation through WASH in schools. UNICEF: New York.
Format
PDF:
http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/raisingcleanhands_2010.pdf
Abstract
Fulfilling every child’s right to water, sanitation and hygiene education
remains a major challenge for policymakers, school administrators and
communities in many countries. In a group of surveyed developing
countries, less than half of primary schools have access to safe water and
just over a third have adequate sanitation. Lack of coverage data for
WASH in Schools is one barrier to securing the rights of children. Of the
60 developing countries surveyed, only 33 provided data on access to
water in primary schools and 25 have data on sanitation.
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Reference
UNICEF (2012) Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health,
Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools. UNICEF: New York.
Format
PDF:
http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Han
ds_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf
Abstract
Fulfilling every child’s right to water, sanitation and hygiene education
remains a major challenge for policymakers, school administrators and
communities in many countries. Although steady progress has been
made to safeguard the well-being of schoolchildren, almost half of all
schools in low-income countries still lack access to water and sanitation
facilities.
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Links
UNICEF (2010) Raising Clean Hands: Advancing learning, health and
participation through WASH in schools.
Reference
UNICEF (2011) WASH in Schools Monitoring Package. UNICEF: New
York.
Format
PDF:
http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/wash_in_schools_monitoringpac
kage_.pdf
Abstract
Safe and child-friendly water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools
improves health, boosts education achievement, promotes gender equity
and has a positive impact on communities. However, most schools in
developing countries lack even basic water and sanitation facilities, and
hygiene education programmes are often inadequate. Together with its
partners, UNICEF is helping to address these gaps through a stronger
emphasis on WASH in Schools advocacy and programming.
Other key
focuses
SWASH
Reference
UNICEF (2011) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Schoolchildren in
Emergencies. A guidebook for teachers. UNICEF: New York.
Format
PDF:
http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/WASH_in__Schools_in_Emergencies_G
uidebook_for_teachers_.pdf
Abstract
WASH in Schools aims to support the provision of safe drinking water and
improved sanitation facilities, and promotes lifelong health for children
and their families. Ensuring access to water, sanitation and hygiene
(WASH) in every school for every child can be a huge challenge,
especially during emergencies. When disaster strikes, education is often
disrupted as families become primarily focused on survival. Schools
become shelters for large numbers of displaced people, putting additional
pressure on physically damaged buildings and facilities. Ensuring schools
can reopen with adequate WASH facilities is an essential part of
recovery.
Other key
focuses
Disaster management
Reference
UNNATI and Handicap International (2004) Design Manual for a
Barrier-Free Built Environment. UNNATI-Organisation for Development
Education & Handicap International: Ahmedabad, India.
See Universal designs and approaches for more details.
Reference
Van Houweling, E., Hall, R.P., Sakho Diop, A., Davis, J. and Seiss, M.
(2012) The role of productive water use in women’s livelihoods:
Evidence from rural Senegal. Water Alternatives 5(3): 658-677.
Format
Webpage: http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/allabs/191-a5-37/file
Abstract
This article explores the role of productive water use in relation to these
goals based on assessments conducted in four regions of Senegal with
small-scale piped water systems. The piped systems can be considered
'domestic plus' systems because they were designed primarily for
domestic use, and also to accommodate small-scale productive uses
including livestock-raising and community-gardening. This research
focuses on the significance of productive water use in the livelihood
diversification strategies of rural women. In Senegal, it finds that access
to water for productive purposes is a critical asset for expanding and
diversifying rural livelihoods.
Other key
focuses
Rural
Reference
van Wijk, C. (2003) HIV/AIDS and water supply, sanitation and
hygiene. WELL Factsheet.
Format
Webpage: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/fact-sheets/fact-sheetshtm/hiv-aids.htm
Abstract
Proposes the need for nearby and reliable supply of water, including for
small-scale production and sanitary latrines, helps those infected stay
healthy longer and able to continue work. They reduce the workload for
caregivers and help preserve human dignity. Policy makers, programme
planners and managers, donors and field workers need to treat HIV as a
chronic disease and plan for better water supply, sanitation and hygiene
to counteract the cruel impacts on people's day-to-day health, work,
income and dignity.
Recommends low-cost household treatment of water, e.g. using SODIS.
Other key
focuses
Infections; Diseases
Reference
VERC (2008) Pilot Project on Activities with Differently Able People
in Varshaw Union. Project Completion Report submitted to WaterAid.
Village Education Resource Centre for WaterAid Bangladesh: Dhaka
Bangladesh.
Format
PDF:
http://www.asksource.info/pdf/35889_pilotprojectvarshawunion_2008.pdf
Abstract
Describes the implementation of a pilot project in two areas in rural
Bangladesh, to target ‘Differently Able People’ including elderly, pregnant
women, disabled people, and children. Intensive process of identification,
assessment, hygiene education and counselling. Individually designed
household latrines rather than standard designs. Photos show toilet seats
that are presumably placed over a toilet hole. Implemented by the NGO
VERC, with involvement of local government staff (Union Parishad
officials).
Other key
focuses
Hygiene; Environmental factors; Vulnerable groups
Reference
Water and Sanitation Program (1999) Empowerment through
Entrepreneurship in Water and Sanitation.
Format
PDF: http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2002/0
5/03/000094946_02042404003742/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf
Abstract
Describes an (older) case in India where female masons were brought
together to assess their roles in in the business of the sector.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Reference
WaterAid (2006) Equal Access for All: Water and sanitation access
for people with motor disabilities. WaterAid: Ethiopia.
Format
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/motor-disabilityethiopia.pdf
Abstract
4-page briefing note summarises study to understand problems faced by
people with motor disabilities (physical impairments) in accessing water
and sanitation. Recommendations for designs of facilities based on
perspectives of users.
Other key
focuses
Disability; Vulnerable groups; Awareness
Links
Tesfu, M. and Magrath, P. (2007) Water and sanitation access for people
with motor disabilities. Research report. WaterAid: Ethiopia.
Reference
WaterAid (2009) Is menstrual hygiene and management an issue for
adolescent school girls? A comparative study of four schools in
different settings in Nepal. WaterAid: Nepal.
Format
PDF:
http://www.sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/WATERAI
D%202009%20Menstrual%20hygiene%20school%20adolesencegirlsnepal.pdf
Abstract
Study of adolescent schoolgirls’ perspectives and experience of
management of menstrual hygiene. Recommendations include:
Accurate and adequate information
Address the lack of privacy (e.g. locks on toilet doors)
Making sanitary pads available and affordable.
Other key
focuses
Gender; SWASH
Reference
WaterAid (2012) Transforming women’s lives. WaterAid UK.
Format
Webpage (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8P636QQ8kE
Abstract
Life without access to clean water and toilets is tough for everybody. But
the consequences of not having these basic services affect women and
girls the most. Women are at the heart of all our projects, we have seen
the difference that investing in women makes. Watch this short film to see
for yourself.
Other key
focuses
Gender
Reference
WaterAid (2011) What the Global Report on Disability means for the
WASH sector. WaterAid UK.
Format
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/what-global-reportdisability-means-for-WASH-sector.ashx
Briefing note:
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&
cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCAQFjAAahUKEwjSocHj3ozIAhWkmtsKHakEC
z4&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wateraid.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FPublicati
ons%2FWhat-the-Global-Report-on-Disability-means-for-the-WASHsector-briefingnote.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEfjkDvSdDs_ZyUpaeOZilROObvIg&sig2=SQU7U
WAHEkyTiTcbJrqA7w&bvm=bv.103388427,d.ZGU
Abstract
This report gives an overview of the information relevant to the water,
sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector in the world’s first report on
disability. It also highlights how WaterAid is addressing the
recommendations in the report, as well as where we could develop our
approaches further.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
WaterAid (2013) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Why this matters for
people living with HIV. WaterAid UK.
Format
PDF:
http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/sites/communityledtotalsanitat
ion.org/files/wateraid_infograph.pdf
Abstract
Informative infographic produced by WaterAid showing how important
good water, sanitation and hygiene are for people living with HIV.
Other key
focuses
HIV
Reference
WaterAid and AMREF Tanzania (2009) Water and Sanitation for
People Living with HIV and AIDS: Exploring the Challenges.
WaterAid; AMREF: Tanzania.
Format
PDF:
http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/wateraid_and_amr
ef_briefing_paper_1.pdf
Abstract
Presents the findings from a study in Tanzania, including:
Increased need for water
Poor standard of latrines increases the risk of opportunistic infections.
Recommendations include:
Watsan programmes should work in partnership with HIV/AIDS
programmes to ensure affordable access to water
Need for consistent hygiene messages
Consider costing and advocating for household water treatment agents as
part of treatment packages for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).
4-page briefing note.
Other key
focuses
Infections; Diseases
Links
For full report: Nkongo, D. and Chonya, C. (2009) Access to Water and
Sanitation for People Living with HIV and AIDS: An Exploratory Study.
WaterAid, AMREF: Tanzania.
Reference
WaterAid and CAFOD (2013) WASH and HIV factsheet.
Format
PDF: http://stopaids.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/STOPAIDSWASH-and-HIV-factsheet-final.pdf
Abstract
This factsheet sets out to explain the connection between water,
sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and HIV and AIDS, and provides
recommendations on how HIV interventions can integrate WASH into
their programming.
Other key
focuses
Infections; Diseases
Reference
WaterAid and NCPD (2010) Report on NCPD Workshop on
Mainstreaming Disability Issues in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Services. WaterAid and National Council for People with Disabilities:
Ghana.
Format
Webpage:
https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&
cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCEQFjAAahUKEwji6YSVkpjIAhVGkiwKHYfqAy
Q&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wateraid.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FPublicati
ons%2Fmainstreaming-disability-issues-washghana.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEe1vC0hup6bWQYJdKn3EgI8lu1oA&sig2=lesY
vWKyWEHvw1fTGy9Rog
Abstract
This one-day workshop was outlined to meet stakeholders in the water,
sanitation and hygiene ( WASH )sector to share experiences on the
extent to which issues of disability have been mainstreamed in sector
policies, strategies and implementation guidelines, and more importantly
on how service providers are translating these polices and guidelines into
practice after the passage of the Act 715.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
WaterAid Nepal (2008) Creating user-friendly water and sanitation
services for the disabled: the experience of WaterAid Nepal and its
partners. Discussion Paper. WaterAid: Nepal.
See Universal designs and approaches for more details.
Reference
WELL (2005) Why should the water and sanitation sector consider
disabled people? Briefing Note No. 12. WEDC, Loughborough
University: UK.
Format
PDF:
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/WE
LL%20Briefing%20Note%2012%20A3no%20crops.pdf
Webpage:
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Briefing%20Notes/BN1
2%20Disabled.htm
Abstract
4-page briefing document raises awareness about the need to address
disability issues within water and sanitation service provision. Aimed at
WATSAN planners and decision makers, presents key messages in
succinct, attractive format.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
WHO (2008) Older Persons in Emergencies: an Active Ageing
Perspective. World Health Organisation: Geneva.
Format
PDF:
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43909/1/9789241563642_eng.pdf
Abstract
The development of this report is a concrete WHO response to the 2002
United Nations Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA)
which recommended greater recognition and enhancement of the positive
contributions made by older persons during emergency situations. In
collaboration with the Public Health Agency of Canada and Help the Aged
(UK), the World Health Organization commissioned case studies in 20062007 to examine how older persons fared in con- flict-related and
naturally caused emergencies in both developed and developing
countries – war, drought, heat wave, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes,
tsunami, ice storm, wild fires and a nuclear power plant explosion. The
report contributes a wealth of real-life experiences to inform policy and
practice makers about the needs and contributions that older people face
during emergency and reconstruction phases.
Other key
focuses
Age; Older people; Disaster management
Reference
Wilbur, J. (2011) Principles and practices for the inclusion of
disabled people in access to safe sanitation: a case study from
Ethiopia. 35th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough, UK.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/38/Wilbur-2191.pdf
Abstract
Disabled people represent the largest socially excluded group and most
live without access to basic sanitary services, which can exacerbate
impairments and poverty. WaterAid Ethiopia designed a pilot project to
meet the needs of disabled people within their service delivery work.
Other key
Disability; Age
focuses
Reference
Wilbur, J. and Danquah, L. (2015) Undoing inequity: inclusive water,
sanitation and hygiene programmes that deliver for all in Uganda
and Zambia – an early indication of trends. 38th WEDC International
Conference, Loughborough University, UK.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/38/Wilbur-2191.pdf
Abstract
This research aims to understand and address the barriers that disabled,
older and chronically ill people face when accessing WASH in Zambia
and Uganda.
Other key
focuses
Disability; Age
Links
Wapling, L. (2014) Undoing inequity: inclusive water, sanitation and
hygiene programmes that deliver for all in Uganda and Zambia – an early
indication of trends. Process review. WaterAid. PDF:
http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Undoing-inequity-processreview-report.pdf?la=en
Reference
Wilbur, J. and Jones, H. (2014) Disability: Making CLTS Fully
Inclusive. Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights Issue 3, Brighton:
IDS.
Format
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Frontiers-MakingCLTS-fully-inclusive.pdf?la=en
Abstract
The publication outlines the reality of the experiences of people with
disabilities and the varied nature of their needs, and concludes with
practical recommendations for facilitators and everyone engaged in CLTS
to make the whole process more inclusive.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
Wilbur, J., Jones, H., Gosling, L., Groce, N., and Challenger, E. (2013)
Undoing inequity: inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene
programmes that deliver for all in Uganda and Zambia. 336th WEDC
International Conference, Nakuru, Kenya.
Format
PDF: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/36/Wilbur-1803.pdf
Abstract
This research aims to understand the barriers to opportunities that
disabled and older persons with additional access requirement may face
using standard WASH facilities.
Other key
focuses
Disability; Age
Links
Wilbur, J (2013) Undoing inequity: inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene
programmes that deliver for all in Uganda and Zambia. Briefing note.
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/Undoing-inequitywash-programmes.pdf?la=en
Wilbur, J (2013) Undoing inequity: inclusive water, sanitation and hygiene
programmes that deliver for all in Uganda and Zambia. Research poster.
PDF: http://www.wateraid.org/~/media/Publications/undoing-inequityresearch.pdf?la=en
Reference
World Bank (2013) Nepal - Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Project (RWSSP). Washington DC: World Bank.
See Economic inequalities for more details.
Reference
World Bank (2013) Red River Delta Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
Project. Vietnam Sustainable Development Unit: Sustainable
Development Department.
See Universal designs and approaches for more details.
Reference
World Vision (2014) Casting the net further: Disability inclusive
WASH.
Format
PDF:
http://www.wvi.org/sites/default/files/Full%20Disability%20Inclusive%20W
ASH%20Report.FINAL_.pdf
Abstract
This paper presents research carried out by World Vision International to
better evaluate and understand approaches and best practices to
disability inclusive WASH. Key findings, good practices, and
recommendations are addressed around the following areas: awareness,
policy implementation, cost, partnership and collaboration, tools and
capacity building, and participation of persons with disabilities. The study
also contains an appendix in which resources for supporting disability
inclusive WASH are provided.
Other key
focuses
Disability
Reference
World Vision (2010) Travelling together: How to include disabled
people on the main road of development.
Format
PDF:
http://www.wvi.org/sites/default/files/Travelling_together%5B1%5D.pdf
Abstract
This resource was prepared by World Vision International and serves as
a disability awareness training manual. It is practically focused and
provides training activities, handouts, and case studies of approaches in
action. It also provides notes on facilitation and how to plan for training.
Other key
focuses
Disability