Unit 2
(Red Book: Chapters 6 & 8)
(Green Book: Chapter 6)
AN EMERGING INDUSTRIAL GIANT
LAISSEZ-FAIRE POLICY
Doctrine stating that government generally
should not interfere in private business
 Late 1800s:

 People liked the idea of little to no government
interference in business
 BUT.. Many favored government involvement when
it benefited them:
High tariffs on imports
Land grants & subsidies
HORIZONTAL CONSOLIDATION
The process of bringing together many firms in
the same business to form one large company
 Basically, the larger company buys out smaller
competitors by forming profit-sharing trusts
 (Ex: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil)

VERTICAL CONSOLIDATION
Process of gaining control of
the many different
businesses that make up all
phases of a product’s
development
 Owning all the different
phases of production
 (Ex: Carnegie Steel)

INDUSTRIAL GIANTS
Robber Baron:
 Implies that the business leaders built
their fortunes by stealing from the public
Captain of Industry:
 Suggests that the business leaders served
their nation in a positive way
INDUSTRIAL GIANTS
http://www.hippocampus.org/History%20&%20Government?loadLeftClass=Cour
seCombination&loadLeftId=10&loadTopicId=1609
INDUSTRIAL GIANTS
Persuasive Essay:
 I will assign you an industrial giant to
research (use classroom resources).
 Decide whether or not he is a “robber
baron” or a “captain of industry.”
 Use evidence from the text to support
your well-developed answer.
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Transportation:
 Railroads & Industry
 Offered rapid, more efficient transportation (of
people and goods)
 Cheaper shipping
 National markets

Transcontinental Railroad
 Connected east and west coasts by rail
 Provided jobs for immigrants
 Increased settlement in the West
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Communication:
 Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse in 1844
 Cyrus W. Field’s transatlantic cable improved
overseas communication in 1866
 By 1900, telegraph lines linked all continents
in a global network of cables


Telephone
Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
 User-friendly
 1.5 million phones in 1900

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Energy:
 Oil
First drilled in 1859
 Much more readily available
 Led to a boom in drilling & refining


Electricity
Already in very limited use by the late 1800s
 Invention of the light bulb in 1890s made it practical
and possible to rely less on the sun
 New electric machines were much more efficient
than steam-powered machines
 Led to a boom in employment

INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Thomas Edison
 Developed the world’s first modern
research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ
 Edison’s lab produced over 1,000
patented inventions
 Phonograph, light bulb, mimeograph
machines, motion picture camera
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
George Westinghouse
 Inventor who produced 400 patents
 1869 – Air-brakes for railroads
 1885 – transformer for producing
high voltage alternating current
Led to:
 Lighting of cities
 Electric street cars
 Subways
 Household appliances
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Steel
 The Bessemer Process made it cheaper
and easier to make steel from iron
 Mass production of steel became possible
 New era of building
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Other inventions that improved Business:
 1867 – Typewriter
 1879 – Cash Register
 1880 – Adding Machine
 1887 – Calculating Machine
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Consumer Use Inventions:
 1884 – Lewis Waterman’s Fountain Pen
 1888 – George Eastman’s Kodak Camera
 1895 – King Gillette’s Safety Razor
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
How did these advances impact production
in the United States?
How did these advances impact the
structure of businesses in the United States?
How did these advances impact the
workforce in the United States?
How did these advances impact society in
the United States?
THE NEW COLOSSUS
COLOSSUS OF RHODES
THE NEW COLOSSUS
Construction of The
Statue of Liberty
began in 1875
 In October 1886,
there was a tickertape parade and
dedication ceremony
welcoming The
Statue of Liberty to
New York

1878 – Paris World’s Fair
THE NEW COLOSSUS
THE NEW COLOSSUS
IMMIGRATION
 European Immigration:
 1845 – 1854: 3 million immigrants
Processed by New York State officials
 Ellis Island, New York:
1892 – 1954: 12 million immigrants
 Asian Immigration:
 Angel Island, San Francisco
1910 – 1940: 1 million immigrants
Why did immigration slow down?
REACTIONS TO IMMIGRATION
Nativists
 Try to restrict immigration
 Believe government should support native-born
Americans over immigrants
Temperance Movement / Purity Crusaders
 Try to ban alcohol, drugs, gambling, and
prostitution
Settlement Movement
 Try to help immigrants improve their lives by
offering education, child care, and health care
URBANIZATION
Annotate the provided article & Answer:
1. Reasons that millions of people moved to the
cities:


2.
3.
4.
Immigrants:
Rural emigrants:
Areas of the country that saw the greatest
growth:
Workplaces that needed millions of workers
who lived close by:
Results of the rapid urbanization:
REFORM (CHAPTER 8, SECTION 4)
Late 1800s:
 The richest 9% of Americans hold nearly 75%
of the national wealth.
 Most of these people were in favor of “Social
Darwinism”

Roughly 91% of Americans held only 25% of
the national wealth
 Many of these people were immigrants living in
cities
SOCIAL DARWINISM
Belief that only the strongest in a society should
flourish, while the weak should be allowed to
die (applied to business: laissez-faire)
 Americans were divided on the issue of
government interference in private business.
 Applied to immigrants:

 Basically led to ghettos and slums..
REFORM
Jacob Riis
 Immigrated to America from Denmark in 1870
 Reporter
 Published How the Other Half Lives, 1890
 Used flash photography to capture the poor
conditions many New Yorkers were forced
to live in.
REFORM

Many people were moved to join groups
that helped the needy.

1882 – New York Charity Organization
Society


Kept detailed files on those who received help
Wanted immigrants to adopt middle-class
American standards of child raising, cooking,
and cleaning.
REFORM

The Social Gospel Movement


1880s & 1890s
 Urban churches began providing services for
the poor
 Sought to apply the gospel of Jesus directly to
society, focusing on charity and justice
1908 – Federal Council of the Churches of Christ
 Supported providing improved living conditions
and a larger share in the national wealth for all
workers
REFORM

The Settlement Movement



Young, educated men and women settled into a
house in poor neighborhoods (basically a
community center)
Hull House, established by Jane Addams & Ellen
Gates Starr, offered Chicago residents child-care
centers, cultural events, classes, health care clinics,
legal advice, etc..
By 1910, there were more than 400 settlement
houses around the country
REFORM

Compare the Social Gospel Movement to
the idea of Social Darwinism.

You can either do this in a Venn Diagram in your
notes, or just make a list..
TAMMANY HALL

FRAME WS





Tammany Hall Article
“I Seen My Opportunities and I Took ‘Em”
Identify 2 main ideas and details for each
document
Determine whether or not Tammany Hall had
more of a positive or a negative impact on New
York.
Write a 5 – 7 sentence paragraph supporting
your opinion.
REFORM LEGISLATION 1870 - 1920
Important
Information
Act
• Company had to
Sherman AntiTrust Act (1890)
interfere with “restraint
of trade”
• Act was weakly worded
and hard to enforce
•
Clayton AntiTrust Act (1914)
Federal Reserve
Act (1913)
Government’s
Response
• Laissez-faire attitude
• Placate growing
dissention
•
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 2013

Unit 2 Test










Laissez-Faire Policy
Business Consolidation
Industrial Giants
Innovations & Advances
The New Colossus
Immigration
Urbanization
Reform
Tammany Hall
Reform Legislation
AMERICA: THE STORY OF US
Heartland:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2uLHEoP8Rw
Cities:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2A62zL8xd_8