PRESENTED TO
NICT PROGRAM ON E-LIBRARY COURSE
JAKARTA, 26 MARCH 2013
SUBJECTS TO TALK ABOUT INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. Pendahuluan
2. Information System
3. Main System Components
4. Steps in Data Conversion into Information
5. Characteristics of Information
6. The Nature of Information
7. Types of Information Systems
8. Information System Strategic Planning
9. The Right Fit between IT and IS
10. The Three Domains: IS, IT and IM
Empat Gelombang Perkembanagn Teknologi
( Futurolog-Alvin Toflfer )
Manusia Bergantung
pada alam
Abad 18
Th 1945
Teknologi
1000 X
10 X
Waktu
Gelombang 0
Teknologi Belum
Berkembang
Revolusi
Pertanian
Gel 1
Teknologi
Cocok tanam
Revolusi
Industri
Gel 2
Tek
Mesin
Tenaga
Revolusi
Informasi
Gel 3
Tek
Mesin Cerdas
(Komputer)
Pemanfaatan TIK
Dunia Kesehatan
Dunia Perbankan
Dunia Bisnis
Dunia Media Massa dan Informasi
Dunia Administrasi Perkantoran
Dunia Pendidikan
4
Concrete Usage Scenes of Ubiquitous Technology (Life)
Case of independent creator
Case of grandfather and grandson
What do you want
for your birthday?
I want to go to
the aquarium!
While watching a
cartoon… Oh!
A message from
Grandpa!
With
Withaaubiquitous
ubiquitousterminal,
terminal,
ititisispossible
possibleto
towatch
watch
cartoons
cartoonsanytime,
anytime,anywhere.
anywhere.
I am going to actually perform
the choreography that I have
worked out, so take a look.
I will send a script I
just amended here.
Collaboration
Collaborationon
onaamulti-screen
multi-screen
In charge of
choreography
In charge of
script
Image of costumes for
the △△ role are ready
so take a look.
The main theme song is finally
ready. What do you think?
In charge of
music
In charge of
clothing
When it is ready I will try
distributing on the web. If the
response is good I will
actually perform it later.
Send
Sendchoreography
choreographyas
assolid
solidimages
images
OK, I will pay the fee so why
don’t you enjoy the virtual
aquarium?
Anybody
Anybodycan
cancreate
create
(musical
(musicalcreation
creationwith
withNet
Netfriends)
friends)
Wow! The shark
just got bigger! It is
like I am actually in
the sea.
Screen
Screenadapts
adaptsto
tothe
thesounds
sounds
in
inthe
thelarge-screen
large-screen
virtual
aquarium.
virtual aquarium.
Notice
Tomorrow is the
excursion so we
will meet at 8:30.
Please make sure
to bring a lunch
box.
In charge ○○
ICT penetrates into every area of life.
There is a bicycle 2m ahead.
Take care.
Encourage
Encouragethe
thedriver
driverto
to
pay
payattention
attentionand
and
contribute
to
prevention
contribute to prevention
of
ofaccidents
accidents
The
Thesensor
sensordetects
detects
and
andnotifies
notifies
concerning
concerningobstacles
obstacles
Checks
Checkson
onstate
stateof
ofher
her
children.
children.Check
Checkcontact
contact
items
via
e-mail.
items via e-mail.
They are playing happily. I
need to prepare a lunch
box tomorrow so I must go
shopping on the way home.
Supports
Supportsideal
ideallifestyle
lifestyle
based
basedaround
aroundreturn
returntime.
time.
A pedestrian is trying
to cross the crossing.
Guides
Guidesto
toregistered
registered
destination
destinationwith
withsimple
simple
operations
operations
I must slow down
and pay attention.
Case of the handicapped
Cross the pedestrian
crossing 5m ahead to
the right.
A hot bath ready 5
minutes after returning
home.
Food ready 10 minutes
after coming out of
the bath.
Cleaning complete
by return time.
Case of working parents
5
Concrete Usage Scenes of Ubiquitous Technology (Industry)
Efficiency in production management processes within corporations
Realize flexible collaboration between corporations
Management Server
- distribution
history
・流通履歴
- stock
information
・在庫情報
Weaving factory
Apparel distribution
center
Theater
Travel agency
Retailer
Restaurant
Reference: product code
Color
Size etc.
Reference: product code
Color
Size etc.
Reading via electronic tag
reader
Electronic tags
Reference: product code
Color
Size
Cloth, materials etc.
Agent Robot
Hotel
Airline
Reading via electronic tag
reader
Reading via electronic tag
reader
Inspections of
incoming/outgoing
shipments, stocktaking
Shipping
inspection
Electronic tags
Inspections of
incoming shipments,
stocktaking
Example of system that links various
companies together to meet travelrelated needs and provides a system for
processing.
Example of supply-chain management for apparel company
(management of orders, stock and distribution)
Example of system of document management within a company
(confirm location of documents, security management)
ICT penetrates into all areas of industry
Security
management
セキュリティ管理
Position information
位置情報管理
management
Document
書類B
B
Tag reader
タグリーダー
Document
書類B
B
Example of system to support appropriate provision and
application of medicine at hospitals etc.
Medicine
storage room
薬品保管室
Doctor
医師
Direction on taking
薬の処方の指示
medicine
Documents
持出し禁止
not
to be taken
書類です！
out
NW
Medical
DB
医療DB
Documents
コピー禁止
not to be
書類です
copied
Detection of
NW
Check
チェック
チェック
Check
移動検知
relocations
チェック
Check
Management
管理部門
department
サーバー
Server
Tags
タグ
Car rental
ＮＷ
タグ
Tag
タグ
Tag
タグ
Tag
タグ
媒体情報
Media
information
DB DB
Advanced knowledge management within corporations
タグ
患者の取り違えチェック
Check
it is correct patient
Send
alarm if incorrect
取り違えている場合アラーム
Check amount of
投薬の量チェック
medicine given
量が違う場合アラーム
Send alarm if amount incorrect
Check
type of medicine given
投薬の種類チェック
薬が違う場合アラーム
Send alarm if incorrect
Penetration of ICT use into all areas of industry
6
Radio 2.0
education
Information
Media
Comm.
Shopping
Search
Entertainment
Bisnis, Education, Produk, Community, Virtual Network
Internet is Platform
Information System
• A system that creates, processes, stores, and generates
information to help individuals make meaningful decisions.
8
Field of Information Systems
• The study of information and its effect on the individual, the
organization, and society at large.
9
IS and IT
• An Information System is a collection of components that
work together to provide information to help in the
operations and management of an organization.
• Information Technology is the integration of computers,
communications equipment, and other technology used in
information systems.
10
Five Main System Components
• Input
– Machines, manpower, raw materials, money, time
• Process
– Policies, procedures, and operations that convert data into information
• Output
– Information in the right format, conveyed at the right time and place to
the right person
• Feedback
– Data about the performance of the system
• Control
– Processing the feedback and taking the necessary action, such as
modifying the processes, input, or output
11
Gambar Interaksi Komponen Sistem Informasi
I N P UT
SOFTWARE
MODEL
HARDWARE
BASIS DATA
OUTPUT
KONTROL
HUBUNGAN ELEMEN SISTEM INFORMASI
PROSEDUR
ORANG
ELEMEN SITEM
PE
INFORMASI
PERANGKAT
KERAS
PERANGKAT
P
LUNAK
BASIS DATA
JARKON DAN
KOMDAT
Seven Steps in Data Conversion into
Information
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Collection
Classification
Sorting,adding, merging
Summarizing
Storing
Retrieval
Dissemination
14
Characteristics of Information
Characteristic
Description
Subjective value
The value of information differs from individual to individual.
Relevance
Information should be pertinent to the decision maker.
Timeliness
Decision makers should receive the information at the right time.
Information should be free of errors.
Accuracy
Meaningful format
Information should be presented so that it can be readily used in
decision making.
Completeness
The decision maker should have all necessary information to make a
good decision.
Information should be readily available to those who need it.
Accessibility
15
The Nature of Information
TOP
MANAGER
MIDDLE
MANAGER
LOWER
MANAGER
External
Internal and
External
Internal
Infrequent
Frequent
Very
Frequent
Time
Scale
Long
Years
Medium,
Weeks/Months
Short,
Days/Hours
Time
Horizon
Future
Future and
Historical
Historical
Constrained
Highly
Constrained
Structured
Highly
Structured
Information
Sources
Frequency
of use
Scope Unconstrained
Nature of
Decision
Unstructured
16
4 Types of Information Systems
•
Personal, Work-Group, Enterprise-Wide Systems
•
Systems Based on Type of Decision
•
Strategic Information Systems
•
Function-Oriented Information Systems
– Sometimes information systems are grouped into categories
based on the number of individuals who use them: personal
systems (one user), work-group systems (a group of users), or
enterprise-wide systems (the entire organization).
– Decisions can be classified as operational, tactical, and
strategic.
– Information systems that give a company a significant strategic
advantage over its market competitors. These can be
transaction processing systems, management information
systems, decision support systems, or any combination of
these systems.
– Systems classified according to their business function:
marketing information systems, manufacturing information
systems, financial information systems, etc.
17
IS Types used for Decision Making
•
Systems that support operational, tactical, and strategic decision are broadly
classified into the following categories:
– Transaction processing systems (TPS)
– Management information systems (MIS)
– Intelligent support systems (ISS), which include
decision support systems (DSS), executive
information systems (EIS), and expert systems (ES)
•
Intelligent support systems (ISS) refer to a group of systems that support decisions
requiring the use of knowledge, intuition, experience, and expertise
– Decision support systems (DSS)
– Executive information systems (EIS)
– Artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems (ES)
18
Functional Based Information System
• Information systems can also be classified according to
function in these four areas:
–
–
–
–
Marketing
Manufacturing and service
Accounting and finance
Human resources
19
Why Information ?
Intelligence
INTELLIGENT MANAGER
+ wisdom
Knowledge
+ experience
Information
+ context
Data
+ procedure
Business Facts
20
The CBIS Model
Computer-based
Information System
(CBIS)
Accounting
Information System
Problem
Decisions
Information
Management
Information System
Decision Support
Systems
Problem
Solution
The Virtual
Office
Knowledge-based
Systems
21
Information System Strategic Planning
ANALYSIS PROCESS
INPUT
BLUE PRINT
INTERNAL
&
K
R
P
R
O
Corporate History
Constraints and Opportunities
EXTERNAL
Industry Trend
CULTURE
PEOPLE
POLICIES
S
A
R
H
Cost/Benefit Analysis
Technical Design
Implementation Plan
H
E
List of Scenarios
Priorities Level and Schedule
VALUE
LEGAL
ASPECT
R
STRATEGIC PLANNING
Project Management
STANDARD
S
Information Management
Strategy
Risk Management
PROCEDURES
Competitor Analysis
Best Practice
S
FINANCIAL
RESOURCES
VISION
MISSION
CSFs
KPIs
STRATEGY
BUSINESS
PROCESS
Information Technology Supply
R
COMPANY
ASSETS
COMPANY
GEOGRAPHICAL
TOPOLOGY
Information Technology
Development
Benchmarking
E
TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE
E
N
Information System
Requirements
N
T
Existing Information
Technology
Strength and Weakness
THREE DOMAINS
T
W
Business Plan
Approach and Methodology
A
O
L
D
E
Human Resource Skills and
Competencies
Requirements
Change Management
Macro Environment
Ideology, Political Agenda, Economic Environment, Social
and Culture, International Relationship, National
Defense, Religion, Behaviors,
22
The Right Fit between IT and IS
• IS managers ensure a fit between information systems and
technologies through computer architecture
– Computer architecture is the major components needed to build
a system and an analysis of how the components fit together
• Information technologies help build the information
infrastructure
– The infrastructure are the physical components required to
implement the architecture, such as wiring, cables, software, etc.
23
ITs that Build Information System
Payroll System
Inventory System
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
•Hardware
•Software
•Databases
•Networks
•Other related components
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Marketing System
Customer Service
System
24
Role of Information Technology
INTELLIGENT MANAGER
+ wisdom
Knowledge
EXECUTIVES
+ experience
Information
LINE MANAGER
+ context
Data
SUPERVISOR
+ procedure
Business Facts
STAFF
2. Help Empowering the People
1. Help Creating the Intelligence
Intelligence
25
Internal IT Organization Structure
CEO
CIO
Control and
Quality Assurance
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT
Company
Supports
Technology
Infrastructure
Supports and
Services
Business
Intelligence
Application
Development
Outsourcing
Organization
Analysis
Tools and
Supports
Training and
Development
Others
Others
Others
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
COUNCIL
26
Management Information System
EXECUTIVE
INFORMATION
SYSTEM
Querying
System
•Chief Executive Officer
•CIO, COO, CFO, CTO
•Senior Executives
DECISION
SUPPORT SYSTEM
Reporting
System
•Line Managers
•Junior Managers
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEM
TRANSACTIONAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Consolidation
System
•Supervisors
•Assistants
DATAWAREHOUSE
DATABASE
DATABASE
DATABASE
DATABASE
Transaction
System
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION
TRANSACTION
•Users
•Customer Services
TRANSACTION
27
MIS Applications Portfolio
Business Partners
Suppliers, Distributors, Resellers
Supply Chain Management
Enterprise Resource Planning
Administrative Control
HRMS – ORMS - Purchasing
Stakeholders
Enterprise
Application
Integration
Management Control
Knowledge
Tone
Applications
Finance – Accounting - Auditing
Employees
Logistics – Production - Distribution
Customer Relationship Management
Marketing – Sales – Customer Service
Selling Chain Management
Internet
Customers, Resellers
28
Indrajit (2000: 29) mengemukakan bahwa tiga hal pokok yang
perlu dipahami secara menyeluruh apa yang harus diperhatikan
dan dipertimbangkan untuk menghasilkan sebuah sistem
informasi terintegrasi yang baik adalah:
1. Sistem informasi, merupakan definisi secara jelas dan
terperinci sehubungan dengan jenis-jenis informasi apa saja
yang dibutuhkan oleh perusahaan (dalam hal ini perpustakaan)
dan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan (kecepatan proses
pengolahan data menjadi informasi, tingkatan detail informasi,
cara penampilan informasi, volume dan transaksi informasi,
penanggung jawab informasi, dsb.)
2. Teknologi informasi, meliputi komponen-komponen perangkat
keras (komputer, infrastruktur, alat komunikasi, dan lain-lain)
dan perangkat lunak (aplikasi, sistem operasi, database, dan
lain-lain) yang harus tersedia untuk menghasilkan sistem
informasi yang telah didefinisikan.
3. Manajemen informasi, menyangkut perangkat manusia (brainware)
yang akan menginplementasikan sistem informasi yang dibangun
dan mengembangkan teknologi informasi sejalan dengan
perkembangan perusahan di masa mendatang.
Berikut ini akan diberikan beberapa contoh nyata pemanfaatan
perspektif strategi sistem informasi yang sejalan dengan visi sebuah
organisasi.
1. Strategi Sistem Informasi Perguruan Tinggi
Sebagai contoh, Dengan adanya paradigma baru, sudah selayaknya
bagi universitas menyediakan perpustakaan terintegrasi yang
memberikan keleluasaan bagi para mahasiswa untuk menggali
potensi dirinya. Salah satu contoh peran perpustakaan terintegrasi
dalam pendidikan jarak jauh (distance-learning), karena ia
menggantikan peran dan fungsi pendidikan sebagaimana dalam
pendidikan tatap muka. Perkembangan mutakhir dalam bidang
information communication technology (ICT) memberikan peluang
bagi perpustakaan perguruan tinggi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan
mahasiswa yang beragam
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Research and
Development
Processes
People and Culture
Electronic
Commerce
Management
Human Resources
Products and Services
Infrastructure
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Rules and Policy
Organization
Standards and Procedures
Internet
Intranet
Digital Nervous
System
ISDN, VSAT
Extranet
Cost and
Investment
COMPUTER
Market and
Customers
Electronic
Data
Interchange
HARDWARE
Strategic
Business
Plan
Decision Support
System
Data Mining
Printer
Modem
Workgroup
Computing
Outsourcing
Operating System
PC Desktop
Notebook and Palmtop
Macro
Environment
SOFTWARE
Multimedia
Database
Applications
Programming Languages
Information Management
Corporations
Business Entities
Public Sectors
Non Profit Organization
Community
Institutions
INFORMATION SYSTEM
- DEMAND SITE -
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- SUPPLY SITE Software Houses
Universities
Computer Manufacturers
Silicon Valley
R&D Centers
32
The Three Domains: IS, IT and IM
What ?
IS Strategy
Division/function based
Demand oriented
Business focused
Applications
Wherefore ?
IM Strategy
Organisation based
Relationship oriented
Management focused
How ?
Management
IT Strategy
Activity based
Supply oriented
Technology focused
Delivery
33
Three Parts of MIS Development Stage
PART ONE
PART TWO
PART THREE
Information
System
Requirements
Information
Technology
Specification
Information
Managemnet
Strategy
34
The Main Principles
The Demand
The Supply
The Plan
PART ONE
PART TWO
PART THREE
Information
System
Requirements
Information
Technology
Specification
Information
Managemnet
Strategy
What kind of information
does the organization need
to support its daily
activities and what kind of
information characteristics/
properties (any related
issue w.r.t. the process of
information creation and
distribution) required by
the organization ?
What kind of appropriate
technology specification
required by the
organization to answer
its information system
requirements defined
previously by the
organization w.r.t. its
information
characteristics and/or
properties ?
What kind of
management strategy
does the organization
should adapt in order to
guarantee the successful
development and
deployment of the
informationt technology
projects within the
organization ?
35
The Main Stages and Phases
STAGE I
STAGE II
STAGE III
Information
System
Requirements
Information
Technology
Specification
Information
Managemnet
Strategy
PHASE A
Organization Strategic Plan
Assessment and Analysis
PHASE F
IT System-Business Process
Analysis and Mapping
PHASE K
Taks Force Appointment and
Responsibilities Determination
PHASE B
Organization Business
Process Mapping
PHASE G
IT Conceptual Architecture
Framework Development
PHASE L
Projects Portfolio Mapping
and Schedule Development
PHASE C
Required Data and Information
Characteristics/Properties Mapping
PHASE H
Application and Database Modules
And Standard Specification
PHASE M
General IT Project Management
Development and Deployment
PHASE D
IT Related Activities Value
Proposition and Capability Analysis
PHASE I
IT Hardware, Network, and
Infrastructure Standard Specification
PHASE N
IT Governance Structure and
HR Competencies/Skills Determination
PHASE E
Strategic Priorities Analysis
PHASE J
User Management and IT Quality
Assurance Determination
PHASE O
IT Masterplan Revision and
Future Development Strategy
36
THANK YOU
MAY OUR ALLIANCE WOULD BE
VERY FRUITFULL