Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: H0472 / Konsep Sistem Informasi
: 2006
:1
Pertemuan 8
Manusia dan hambatannya dalam
penggunaan teknologi
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Menjelaskan hubungan antara Teknologi
Informasi dengan manusia penggunanya
dalam konsep work sistem.
2
Outline Materi
• Teknologi dan manusia penggunanya
• Ketergantungan pada manusia dalam
suksesnya penerapan sistem informasi.
3
Human and Ethical Issues
• Technology and People
• Positive and Negative Impacts on People
at Work
• Dependence on People for Information
System Success
• Systems and Ethics
4
Introductory Case: A national
directory of new hires
• Is this a good thing?
– Why or why not?
• What information is stored in this database
– SSN, address, wages, employer
– How could this be abused?
• Does the greater good (of improving child
support payments) outweigh the potential
for loss of privacy?
5
Technology and People
• Human-Centered Design versus Machine
Centered Design
• User Friendliness
6
Table 7.2
Human Versus Machine Strengths and Weaknesses
ENDURANCE
People:
•Become tired and bored
•Need variety
•Need to stop to rest and eat
Machines:
•Never become tired or bored
•Don’t need variety
•Need to stop for servicing
CONSISTENCY
People:
•Often somewhat inconsistent even when doing
highly structured tasks
Machines:
•Operate totally consistent with their
programmed instructions
SPEED
People:
•Comparatively slow in storing, retrieving, and
manipulating data
Machines
•Enormously fast in storing, retrieving, and
manipulating data
MEMORY
People:
•Often forget things
•Time required for remembering is unpredictable
•Able to retrieve information based on
associations not programmed in advance
Machines:
•Storage and retrieval times are predictable
•In most cases can retrieve data based only
on associations programmed in advance
©1999 Addison Wesley Longman
Slide 7.7
7
Table 7.2
Human Versus Machine Strengths and weaknesses
ABILITY TO PERFORM PROGRAMMED
TASKS
People:
•Can perform highly structured work, but may
find it boring and unsatisfying
Machines:
•Can only perform totally structured tasks (which
may be parts of larger tasks that are not totally
structured)
UNDERSTANDING
People:
•Capable of understanding the meaning of work
•Want to understand the meaning of work
IMAGINATION
People:
•Can invert new ideas and associations
•Can draw conclusions from data without using
formulas
ABILITY TO SEE THE WHOLE
People:
•Can recognize things as wholes in addition to
recognizing details
Machines:
•Incapable of understanding the meaning of work
•Only capable of following unambiguous
instructions
•Machines
•Basically unable to invent ideas
•In a few limited areas, can draw conclusions by
combining specific facts in preprogrammed ways
Machines:
•Recognize details and combine them into
recognizable wholes only through appropriate
programming
©1999 Addison Wesley Longman
Slide 7.8
8
Positive and Negative Impacts
on People at Work
•
•
•
•
•
Health and Safety
Autonomy and Power
Use of Valued Skills
Meaningfulness of Work
Social Relationships
9
We’ve seen a list of impacts of information
technology on people in the workplace…
• Let’s see if we can draw on our own
experiences and think of some specific
examples
– Health and Safety
– Autonomy and Power
– Use of Valued Skills
– Meaningfulness of Work
– Social Relationships
10
Dependence on People for
Information System Success
•
•
•
•
Skills and Knowledge
Involvement and Commitment
Resistance to Change
Unanticipated Innovations
11
Table 7.4
Alternative Levels of User Involvement in System Development
NONINVOLVEMENT
Users are unwilling to participate, unable to contribute, or are not invited to participate.
INVOLVEMENT BY ADVICE
User advice is solicited through interviews or questionnaires, but others make
decisions about which features are included in the system.
INVOLVEMENT BY SIGN-OFF
Users approve the results produced by the project team, but are not actively involved
in analyzing or designing the system.
INVOLVEMENT BY DESIGN TEAM MEMBERSHIP
Users participate actively in design activities, such as interviews of other users and
creation of functional specifications and external specifications.
INVOLVEMENT BY PROJECT TEAM MEMBERSHIP, MANAGEMENT,
AND PROJECT OWNERSHIP
Users participate throughout the entire project, including initiation, development,
implementation, and operation; a user representative manages the project; the user
organization owns the project.
©1999 Addison Wesley Longman
Slide 7.3
12
Systems and Ethics
•
•
•
•
•
Ethical versus Legal Issues
Privacy
Accuracy
Property
Access
13
Closing
• Teknologi dan manusia penggunanya
• Ketergantungan pada manusia dalam
suksesnya penerapan sistem informasi
14