The Skeletal
System
Support Systems
Unit 2
Vocabulary- combining forms
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Arthr/o
Cervic/o
Chondr/o
Cost/o
Crani/o
Lumb/o
Myel/o
• Oste/o
• Pelv/i, Pelv/o
• Radi/o
joint
neck
cartilage
rib
skull
loins, low back
bone marrow,
spinal cord
bone
pelvis
radiation, Xray, radius
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Sacr/o
Spondyl/o
Stern/o
Thorac/o
Vertebr/o
Sacrum
vertebrae
Sternum
Thorax, chest
vertebrae
Vocabulary- Suffixes
• -al
• -centesis
• -clasia
pertaining to
surgical
puncture
to break,
surgical fracture
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-clast
-cyte
-dynia
-genesis
• -graphy
to break
cell
pain
forming,
producing,
origin
process of
recording
• -itis
• -malacia
• -osis
inflammation
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disease
-pathy
-plasty
-porosis
-scopy
-tomy
-um
softening
abnormal
condition
surgical repair
porous
visual exam
incision
structure,
thing
Vocabulary- Prefixes
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InterIntraSubSyn- or sym-
between
within
under, below
union, together, joined
Vocabulary- abbreviations
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CT
Fx
Ortho / ORTHO
C1, C2,…C7
• T1, T2,…T12
• L1, L2,…L5
computed tomography (CAT scan)
fracture
orthopedics
Cervical Vertebra 1, Cervical
Vertebra 2,…. Cervical vertebra 7
Thoracic Vertebra 1, Thoracic
Vertebra 2,… Thoracic Vertebra 12
Lumbar Vertebra 1, Lumbar
Vertebra 2,… Lumbar Vertebra 5
Vocabulary
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Articulation
Atlas
Axis
Crepitation
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Degeneration
Dislocation
Hematopoiesis
Subluxation
joint, where two bones come together
Cervical Vertebra 1
Cervical Vertebra 2
Grating sound made when bone ends rub
together
deteriorating
displacement of bone ends at a joint
production of blood cells
partial dislocation (it goes back in on its own)
The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System
• Hematopoiesis
– The process of producing blood cells
in the red bone marrow
• Structure/ Support
– Provides a rigid framework that
supports the soft tissues of the body
and maintains the body’s shape
The Basic Functions of the Skeletal System
• Muscle Attachment and
Movement
– Bones serve as levers to convert
muscular contraction to movement
– Serves as a point of attachment for
ligaments, tendons, and muscles
• Mineral Storage
– Bones store calcium in bone matrix
Axial vs. Appendicular
• The Axial Skeleton
– Contains the bones that are along
the long axis of the body, or the
bones of the head and trunk
• The Appendicular Skeleton
– Contains the bones of the
extremities (or appendages)
– Includes the pectoral girdles, pelvic
girdles, and the bones of the arms
and legs
Types of Bones
• Long – longer than wide
– (femur, humerus)
• Short – about equal length and width
– (carpals, tarsals)
• Flat – wide thin bones
– (scapula, sternum )
• Irregular – odd shaped
– (vertebrae, facial bones)
• Sesamoid – form due to stress
– (patella)
Bones of the Skull
• The Cranium (surrounds the brain)
– Frontal
– Parietal
– Occipital
– Temporal
• The Facial bones
– Maxillae
– Mandible
– Nasal
– Zygomatic
Frontal Bone
• Forms the forehead
• Forms the roof of the eye sockets
Parietal Bones
• Consists of two bones
• Forms the sides and roof of the
cranial cavity
Temporal Bones
• Consists of two bones
• Forms the lower sides of the
cranium and part of the cranial
floor
Occipital Bone
• The base of the cranial cavity
• Prominent posterior portion
Maxillae
• The upper jaw
• Two bones
Mandible
• Lower jaw bone
Nasal
• Makes up the bridge of the nose
• Two bones
Zygomatic
• Cheek bones that make an arch
for muscle to run under
• Two bones
The Vertebral Column
• Composed of 33 bones
• Encloses and protects the spinal
cord
• Supports the head
Bones of the Vertebral Column
• Cervical Vertebrae—7 bones
located in the neck
• Thoracic Vertebrae—12 bones
connected to the ribs
• Lumbar Vertebrae—5 bones in
the lower back
• Sacral Vertebrae—5 pelvic bones
– fused
• Coccygeal Vertebrae—3-4 bones
– fused
Vertebral Curvatures
• The cervical and lumbar curves
are concave posteriorly
• The thoracic and sacral curves are
convex posteriorly
Bones of the Thoracic Cavity
• Sternum
– (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)
• Ribs
Bones of shoulder girdle
• responsible for holding the upper
extremity onto the body.
– Clavicle
– Scapula
Bones of the Upper Extremities
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Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Bones of the Pelvis
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis
• Together these three bones are
fused and are called the os coxae
• The fused os coxae articulate with
the sacrum
Bones of the Lower Extremities
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Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Articulations
• Joints, where two bones meet
• Types of joints
– Freely movable
• Shoulder/ hip
• Knee / elbow / fingers
• Wrist / ankle
– Semi-movable
• Between os coxae and sacrum
• Vertebrae/ pubis symphysis
– Non-movable
• Sutures (skull / pelvis)
Ligaments
• Ligaments attach bone to bones
• They provide much of the support
for our freely movable joints
Fractures
• Types of fractures
– Closed or simple fracture
• The bone is broken and the skin is
intact
– Open or compound fracture
• The bone is broken and the skin is cut
by the bone
Fractures
• Signs and symptoms
– Pain upon palpation (touching)
– Pain with movement
– Obvious deformity
• Caused by trauma
• Treatment: Immobilization for 6-8
weeks
– Compound fractures may require
surgery
Scoliosis
• Abnormal lateral curvature of
the spine
Scoliosis
• Signs & Symptoms
– One hip or one shoulder higher than
the other
– Back pain
– Muscle spasms
• Cause
– An imbalance of muscles
– A leg length discrepancy
• Treatment
– Bracing, physical therapy, shoe
inserts, surgery
Kyphosis and Lordosis
• Kyphosis- abnormally enlarged
thoracic curve (humpback)
• Lordosis- abnormally enlarged
lumbar curve (swayback)
Osteoarthritis
• Arthritis that is caused by the
breakdown and loss of cartilage
in the joints
Osteoarthritis
• Cause: normal wear and tear on
the joints
– May be specifically causes by:
• Obesity
• Injury to a joint that is not cared for properly
• Signs & Symptoms
– Joint soreness, aching, stiffness, and swelling
– Bone spurs may develop which increases pain and
loss of motion
• Treatment includes:
– pain relievers, steroids, and surgical joint
replacement
Osteoporosis
• Causes include genetic factors,
age, nutrient and hormone levels,
and lack of activity, and smoking
• Signs and Symptoms are loss of
bone mass leading to brittle
bones that break easily
• Treatments include drug therapy,
weight-bearing exercise, and
dietary supplements
Sprain
• The stretching or tearing of a
ligament.
Sprain cont.
• 1st degree
– The stretching of a ligament causing
micro-tears in the tissue
• 2nd degree
– A partial tear
• 3rd degree
– A complete rupture
• Signs & Symptoms include pain,
swelling, joint laxity, instability
• Treat with RICE (rest, ice,
compression, elevation)