THE AGE OF IMPERILAISM
THE WORLD AND THE UNITED STATES
WORLD HISTORY GEE UNIT
• AMERICAN AND WORLD IMPERIALISM
• 1867-1914
IMPERIALISM
• Imperialism- when a country extends their power and influence over other
countries; may acquire new territories or just exert their influence over
another country
• THE WORLD STARTED AN IMPERIALISM RACE. GREAT BRITAIN HAD
COLONIES ON EVERY CONTINENT. THEY BOASTED THE SUN NEVER SETS
ON THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
• A COLONIAL RACE STARTED WITH NATIONS AGRESSIVELY TAKING OVER
COLONIES.
• GAMES THAT ILLUSTRATE IMPERIALISM—CHESS, CHECKERS, MONOPOLY
• WORDS TO DESCRIBE IMPERIALISM: CONQUER, ATTACK, RULE, CLAIM,
HARSH, CHANGE
WHAT IS IMPERIALISM?
•
• IMPERIALISM IS…………
• A. It is the quest for colonial empires.
• B. It is when a country extends their power
•
and/or authority over other lands or
•
territories.
C. It is the practice of establishing and
controlling colonies.
Why do countries become
imperialistic?
• A. For Economic Purposes
•
--To gain control over lands that were not colonized.
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-- Factories needed more supplies due to the Industrial
•
Revolution which in turn made countries need more raw
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materials/natural resources.
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-- To expand trade and their economy.
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• B. For Military Reasons
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-- New inventions, such as the repeating rifles and machine guns,
made
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warfare and conquering lands easier.
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- Countries would take over lands for naval/military bases
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-- Countries would take over lands to create refueling stations.
Why do countries become
imperialistic?
• C. For Humanitarian Purposes
--Many individuals felt that it was their moral duty
to spread Christianity.
•
• D. For Nationalistic reasons
--Nationalism is a devotion to one’s nation.
--To gain control over lands that were not colonized.
--To expand the economy of a nation.
2 stages of imperialism
• Old v. New Imperialism: The 2 Phases of Imperialism
•
•
A. Old Imperialism occurred during the 1400’s and
1500’s. Great Britain, France, Spain, the Netherlands
and Portugal were all racing to become colonial
powers.
•
B. New Imperialism occurred during the 1800’s—
primarily the late 1800’s. Belgium, Germany, Italy,
Japan, Russia and the United States joined
the original imperialist.
THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST
• Since 1895 Japan and the European powers had been forcing
China to surrender leased territories and had been
establishing large additional spheres of economic influence.
• In 1899 Secretary of State John Hay stated traditional
American policy in a fresh manner.
• Partly at the prompting of American commercial interests, he
addressed identical notes to the six leading powers, asking
them to affirm equal treatment for foreign commerce within
their spheres of interest in China.
• Though the answers were ambiguous, Hay announced that
the world had accepted this Open Door Policy.
IMPERIALISM IN CHINA
•
China- Americans went to China in the 1800s as missionaries
to spread Christianity. These missionaries believed that is
was their moral duty to help Christianize the Chinese people.
Many Chinese resented these foreigners telling them that
their religion was false and so a secret society formed, called
“Righteous Harmony Fists” or “Boxers”, and they murdered
over 200 missionaries in China. This event was called the
Boxer Rebellion.
• China- For years, China had been closed off to trade with the
rest of the world. Then, in the mid-late 1800s, China
CHINA AND IMPERIALISM
• opened it doors to trade with foreign countries. Germany,
France, Great Britain, and Russia eagerly proposed a trading
policy called the “spheres of influence”. This policy allowed
only these countries to trade in China. Each country was
given a “sphere” or section of China where they could
conduct trade. The US did not agree to this policy because we
were not included. As a result, a US official (John Hay) came
up with the “Open Door Policy” which said that all countries
could trade in China wherever they wanted to. The other
countries did not object so Hay and the Americans assumed
that the other countries must have agreed to the new policy.
FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN, GERMANY,
JAPAN AND RUSSIS CARVE OUT
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN CHINA.
• SECTIONS OF A MARKET CARVED OUT AND CLAIMED BY A
SPECIFIC COUNTRY.
THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST
39
• In 1900 when the anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion
endangered the lives of foreigners in Peking, the
United States joined an international rescue
expedition.
• At this time Hay broadened the Open Door Policy by
sending a second note affirming American support of
Chinese territorial integrity and calling for
commercial equality in all parts of the Chinese
empire, not just the spheres of influence.
Boxer Rebellion
THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST
39
• Foreign relations inevitably brought the
United States closer to Great Britain.
• During the war with Spain, when most
European countries had opposed the United
States, Great Britain had given support.
• Like the United States, Great Britain had
wanted the status quo maintained in the Far
East as well as the Caribbean and welcomed
help in achieving this objective.
THE UNITED STATES AND THE FAR EAST
39
• In many American circles, especially in the
eastern upper class, the turn of the century
saw a revival of sentiment for British
friendship on cultural and even racial grounds.
• The pro-British tendency was not shared,
however, by those Americans who opposed
British policies in Ireland, India, and South
Africa and who still thought of England as the
stronghold of monarchy and aristocracy.
Did we follow his advice?
• President George Washington’s Farewell
Address reminded Americans that he was an
isolationists and that entangling alliances
would drag the new nation into unnecessary
wars. Isolationism is when countries avoid
• political entanglements in other nation’s
affairs, as well as, alliances.
End of isolation
• The Monroe Doctrine was established in 1823 by
President James Monroe. He said that European
nations needed to stay in their hemisphere. He
stressed that Europe need not try to come and colonize
in the Americas. He agreed to stay out of their
hemisphere if they would stay out of the Americas.
This made the United States the protector of the
Americas and set the stage for the United States to
become the international police. 20 years later, James
K. Polk embraced Monroe’s views and made them the
cornerstone of his foreign policy. James K. Polk was
very involved in the Age of Manifest Destiny.
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Imperialism within USA
The Age of Manifest Destiny occurred between 1830-1860. Manifest
Destiny is a belief that the United States should expand past the original 13
colonies. This belief stated that the United States should expand from “sea to
shining sea.” This philosophy created tension because the constitution did
not grant the United States president the direct power of expansion. This
philosophy would eventually grow from expansion within the United States
to overseas. The United States went through a period of economic and
territorial expansion. During this period the following territories were added
to the United States: Texas, Oregon, California, New Mexico, and Arizona.
The United States tried to purchase Cuba from Spain but was unsuccessful.
This gradual progression of new territories made expansionism explode. This
encouraged Americans to deviate away from isolationism.
The United States’ policy of acting as an
international police force in the Western
Hemisphere can be traced back to the early
1900s and the —
A Marshall Plan.
B Roosevelt Corollary.
C Open Door Notes.
D Dawes Plan.
THE PROGRESSIVE EAR AND WORLD WAR I
39
• On September 6, 1901, President William
McKinley was shot by an anarchist.
• When he died a week later, Theodore
Roosevelt became President.
• This event is often taken to be the beginning
of a new period of progressive reform which
lasted until World War I.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
33
• Reasons for America’s Turn to Imperialism
• Following the Civil War, and especially in the 1890s,
the United States began to extend its control over
weaker nations in the Caribbean, Central America,
South America, and the Pacific.
• One reason for this turn to imperialism involved the
growth of American industry. Industrialists began to
look abroad for new sources of raw materials, for
additional markets for manufactured goods, and for
places to invest surplus capital.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
33
• Another reason for the turn to imperialism
was the closing of the frontier in 1890.
• American manufacturers and investors had to
look beyond the United States for economic
opportunities.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
33
• The European powers were engaged in
imperialist ventures, and this set an example
for the United States.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
33
• Expansionists in America urged that the United
States assume its rightful place as a great power by
embarking upon a policy of imperialism.
• Most influential were the lectures and writings of
Captain Alfred Mahan. In his book The Influence of
Sea Power Upon History, Mahan urged the United
States to expand foreign markets, to maintain a
powerful navy, and to acquire overseas bases.
• One of his strongest supporters was Theodore
Roosevelt.
FIRST ACQUISITIONS
33
• The United States purchased Alaska in 1867.
• Russia proposed to sell Alaska to the United States, and
Secretary of State William Seward agreed to the purchase.
• Seward’s reasons for acceptance were gratitude to Russia for
her support of the Union during the Civil War and a desire to
reduce foreign possessions in North America.
• Many people thought “Seward’s Folly” was a waste of $7.2
million.
• Alaska received the status of an incorporated territory in 1912
as a step toward statehood.
• In 1959 Alaska became the 49th state.
FIRST ACQUISITIONS
33
• The Samoan Islands in the South Pacific served American
merchant ships as supply harbors and coaling stations.
• Starting in 1872 the harbor of Pago Pago came under
American control.
• In 1899 several of the islands were formally annexed to the
United States.
• Also in the 19th century, the United States annexed the Central
Pacific island of Midway.
• Today American Midway and Samoa are American colonies
and provide the United States with naval and air bases.
Samoan Islands
Midway
FIRST ACQUISITIONS
34
• Hawaii served American merchant ships as a
supply and refueling station.
• It drew American missionaries who converted
the natives to Christianity, and it attracted
American investors in sugar plantations.
• Almost all the sugar grown in Hawaii was sold
to the United States.
Hawaii
Queen Liliuokalani
• THE
• HAWAIIAN
• QUEEN
FIRST ACQUISITIONS 34
• In 1893 revolutionaries, consisting mainly of
American settlers, overthrew the anti-American
native Queen Liliuokalani.
• A temporary republic was established, and United
States recognition was sought.
• President Cleveland, who believed that most native
Hawaiians preferred independence, delayed
annexation.
• In 1898, however, with McKinley in the White House,
the United States annexed Hawaii by a joint
resolution of Congress.
The acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands in
1898 was a result of United States —
A Imperialism.
B Progressivism.
C Socialism.
D Isolationism.
Americans in the late 19th century
who favored the annexation of the
Hawaiian Islands MOST commonly
supported their position by pointing
out Hawaii’s —
A rich mineral resources.
B highly skilled population.
C industrial strength.
D strategic location.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 34
• Americans had long been interested in the Spanish
colony of Cuba.
• They recognize Cuba’s strategic location and its
importance as a key defense base.
• Americans were afraid that someday it would pass
into stronger European hands.
• Before the Civil War, some Southerners wanted to
annex Cuba as another slave state.
• During and immediately after the Civil War, American
interest in Cuba subsided.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 34
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Spanish rule was despotic.
The Cubans were denied civil liberties.
They were forced to pay heavy taxes.
Rebellions were suppressed.
In 1876, after a lengthy insurrection, the Spanish
promised some reforms.
• Ten years later, Spain finally abolished slavery but still
denied the Cubans self-government.
• In 1895, as a depression hit the island, Spain faced
another Cuban revolt for independence.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
34
• There were several important causes of the
war with Spain.
• Humanitarianism was one.
• Americans sympathized with the desire of the
Cuban people for independence.
• They were outraged when Spain’s General
Weyler placed Cuban civilians in concentration
camps to prevent them from aiding the
revolution. Many died in the camps.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 34
• America’s economic interest in Cuba was a factor
leading to war.
• American merchants traded with Cuba to the
amount of $100 million a year.
• American investors had placed $50 million in Cuban
sugar and tobacco plantations.
• Trade with Cuba suffered from unsettled conditions.
• Many American investors were concerned, but
others feared that war with Spain would destroy
their property and lead to laws harmful to their
interests.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 34
• The newspapers of the period helped stir up a
revolt.
• The yellow press—especially William
Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal and
Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World—sought to
increase circulation by sensational news from
Cuba.
JOSEPH PULITZER & WILLIAM
RANDOLPH HEARST
• YELLOW JOURNALIST
THE SPANISH-AAMERICAN WAR 35
• Journalists exaggerated stories of Spanish atrocities
and falsified news pictures while playing down
atrocities by the Cuban revolutionaries.
• The yellow press also gave sensational treatment to
the De Lome Letter.
• Written by the Spanish minister in Washington to a
friend in Cuba and stolen from the Havana post
office, this private letter belittled President McKinley
as a weak, incompetent politician.
THE SPANISH-AMERICCAN WAR 35
• The immediate cause of the war was the sinking of
the Maine.
• This battleship, visiting in Havana, was blown up with
a loss of 260 American lives.
• The cause of the explosion remains unknown, but
the American people placed the blame on Spain.
• They were goaded into war by the yellow press and
by the jingoists, men who boasted of the nation’s
strength and wanted an overseas empire.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 35
• President McKinley had sought to avert war and
urged Americans to remain calm regarding Cuba.
• With the sinking of the Maine, however, he
demanded that Spain proclaim an armistice, end the
concentration camps, and negotiate with the rebels.
• Although Spain’s reply was conciliatory, McKinley
finally yielded to American public sentiment for war.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 35
• At his request, Congress approved the use of
armed forces in Cuba.
• Congress also recognized the independence of
Cuba and, in the Teller Resolution, declared
that the United States would not annex Cuba
but would leave “control of the island to its
people.”
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 35
• With “Remember the Maine!” as their battle cry,
American forces swept quickly and easily to victory.
• One of the earliest victories was that of Commodore
George Dewey in Manila Bay.
• Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt
had taken advantage of his superior’s temporary
absence to direct Dewey two months earlier to be
thoroughly prepared for action.
• Dewey moved into Manila Bay and without losing a
single man sank the whole Spanish fleet of ten ships.
The Maine
• REMEMBER THE MAINE
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 35
• In the Caribbean, American naval forces
destroyed the Spanish fleet at Santiago, Cuba.
• Meanwhile, American forces captured the city
after a battle famed for the heroic dash up San
Juan Hill by Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough
Riders.
“Remember the Maine” is a memorable slogan
and rallying cry in American
history. The slogan symbolizes the onset of
which of the following wars?
A World War I
B Spanish-American War
C World War II
D Korean War
AMERICANS AT WAR IN CUBA
San Juan Hill
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 35
• In this “splendid little war,” as the diplomat
John Hay called it, more Americans died from
tropical disease than Spanish guns.
• Thoroughly beaten, Spain agreed to the Treaty
of Paris of 1898.
• In the treaty, Cuba was freed of Spanish
control.
• Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the
United States.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 36
• The Philippine Islands were sold to the United States for $20
million.
• The Philippines had presented a special problem to President
McKinley.
• He did not feel that the United States could honorably give
them back to Spanish misrule.
• Other alternatives were trouble fraught.
• The ill-prepared Philippines might be seized by an aggressive
power if given their independence.
• McKinley claimed that an inner voice told him the United
States should keep the Philippines and then give them
freedom later.
Philippines
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 36
• The Treaty of Paris was accepted by the Senate over much
opposition.
• William J. Bryan unexpectedly turned out to be its champion.
• Bryan argued that the war would not officially end until the
United States had ratified the pact.
• We had already taken the islands, and the sooner we
accepted the treaty, the sooner the Philippines could be given
their independence.
• After Bryan had used his strong personal influence with
certain Democratic Senators, the treaty was approved with
only one vote to spare.
GEE PRACTICE
• One form of imperialism is the extension of a
nation's political and economic power
• through the acquisition of territory. Which of
the following conflicts involved THIS FORM OF
American imperialism?
• A The Civil War
• B The Spanish-American War
• C World War I
• D World War II
PUERTO RICO 36
• The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico the
status of an unincorporated territory.
• This meant that Puerto Rico was not destined
for statehood.
• Congress provided that the President of the
United States would appoint the island’s
governor and the upper house of the Puerto
Rican legislature but that the Puerto Ricans
elect the lower house.
MEAN WHAT YOU SAY!
• SPEAK
• SOFTLY
Puerto Rico
PUERTO RICO 36
• In 1917 the Jones Act granted the Puerto
Ricans American citizenship and the right to
elect both houses of the Puerto Rican
legislature.
• In 1947 Congress passed a law to permit the
Puerto Ricans to elect their own governor.
• Congress empowered the Puerto Ricans to
draw up their own constitution. They chose to
be freely associated with the United States as
a self-governing commonwealth.
PUERTO RICO 36
• Puerto Ricans can elect their own legislators and
governor.
• These officials pass and enforce laws.
• Puerto Ricans are American citizens. While on the
island, however, they do not vote in Presidential
elections and do not elect Congressmen.
• They do send a Resident Commissioner to
Washington with power to speak, but not to vote, on
measures before the House of Representatives.
PUERTO RICO 36
• Puerto Ricans are subject to most federal laws.
• They serve in the American armed forces, and
their products enter the mainland free of tariff
duties.
• Income taxes are not levied on the citizens or
corporations of the island.
• Some Puerto Ricans want statehood, others
want independence, and some want to
continue as a Commonwealth.
CUBA 37
• After the Spanish-American War, an American military
government was set up under General Leonard Wood.
• Under his leadership, an attack was launched on yellow fever.
• Experiments were performed by Dr. Walter Reed and others
upon American soldiers who volunteered as human guinea
pigs.
• A mosquito was proved to be the lethal carrier.
• A cleanup of breeding places for mosquitoes wiped out yellow
fever in Havana, while at the same time removing the
recurrent fears of epidemics in cities of the South and the
Atlantic seaboard.
Cuba
CUBA
37
• The United States honored its pledge in the Teller
Amendment and withdrew from Cuba in 1902.
• The United States was afraid that a grasping power like
Germany might take over Cuba.
• The Cubans were therefore forced, despite their protests, to
write into their constitution of 1901 the Platt Amendment.
• It provided the Cuba would not sign any foreign treaty that
threatened her independence.
• The United States was allowed to intervene to preserve Cuban
independence and to protect life, liberty, and property.
• The United States was granted naval bases. Under this
provision, Cuba leased to the United States the strategic naval
base at Guantanamo Bay.
CUBA 37
• Using the Platt Amendment, the United States intervened
four times to restore order in Cuba and safeguard American
lives and investments.
• These interventions caused considerable resentment among
Cuban nationalists.
• In 1933, however, although Cuba was in the midst of another
revolt, President Franklin Roosevelt did not intervene.
• Instead in 1934, as part of the Good Neighbor Policy, he
abrogated the Platt Amendment.
• With Cuban consent, the United States retained the naval
base at Guantanamo Bay.
CUBA 37
• The United States continued to dominate the Cuban
economy, even after the repeal of the Platt
Amendment.
• Americans had over $1 billion invested in Cuba.
• The United States provided the chief source of Cuban
imports of manufactured goods.
• The United States was the chief market for Cuban
agricultural and mineral exports.
• Cuba served as a vacation spot for many Americans.
CUBA 37
• In 1959 rebels led by Fidel Castro overthrew
the dictatorship of Batista and seized power.
• As Castro aligned himself with the Communist
world, relations between Cuba and the United
States deteriorated.
Castro
• CUBA FALLS TO
• COMMUNISM
• WHAT DOES THAT
• MEAN?
THE PANAMA CANAL 38
• Americans had long wanted a canal to shorten
the boat trip between our east and west
coasts and to lower the cost of transporting
goods.
• The Spanish-American War showed the need
for a canal to provide greater mobility for our
naval fleets, to protect our new colonial
empire, and to further commerce with the Far
East.
THE PANAMA CANAL
38
• In the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 the United
States and Great Britain agreed to share control
of any canal across Central America.
• In 1901 Secretary of State John Hay negotiated
the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty by which Britain
permitted the United States to go ahead without
her in building and operating the canal.
• In return the United States pledged to let ships of
all nations use the canal.
THE PANAMA CANAL 38
• Ferdinand de Lesseps, who had built the Suez
canal, attempted to construct a canal in
Panama.
• After his failure and the ratification of the HayPauncefote Treaty, the United States agreed to
pay $40 million to Lesseps’ company for its
property and franchise rights.
THE PANAMA CANAL 38
• In 1903 Secretary Hay negotiated a treaty with
Colombia to pay that nation $10 million and an
annual rental of $250,000 for the right to build a
canal across her northern province of Panama.
• The treaty was rejected by the Colombian Senate
because it hoped for better terms the following year
when the French company’s franchise would expire.
• Rejection of the treaty worried the French canal
company, inflamed the people of Panama, and
angered Roosevelt.
THE PANAMA CANAL 38
• Roosevelt privately expressed the wish to see
Panama independent of Colombia.
• Shortly afterwards a revolt broke out.
• The United States openly aided the revolt by sending
naval vessels to prevent Colombian troops from
entering Panama.
• Later, Roosevelt boasted, “I took the Canal Zone.”
• Roosevelt’s actions earned this country ill will
throughout Latin America.
• In 1921 the United States attempted to appease
Colombia by paying her $25 million.
THE PANAMA CANAL 38
• Hay negotiated a treaty with the new Republic of Panama,
whose minister was the former official of the French
company, Philippe Bunau-Varilla.
• The treaty provided for American control in perpetuity of the
Canal Zone, a strip of land 10 miles wide across the isthmus.
• American intervention was permitted if it was necessary to
preserve order.
• Panama had to be paid an annual rental of $250,000 and also
another payment of $10 million.
• George M. Goethals, an army engineer, was put in charge of
building the canal. To solve the problem of the uneven
terrain, Goethals built huge locks to raise and lower ships. In
1914 the fifty-mile long canal was opened to traffic.
Panama Canal
THE PANAMA CANAL 39
• William Gorgas, an army medical officer, wiped out malaria and
yellow fever in the Canal Zone.
• By maintaining proper sanitation, Gorgas enabled the workers to
complete the canal.
• To protect the canal, the United States fortified the Canal Zone.
• It extended influence over the nations bordering the Caribbean,
thus converting the Caribbean into an American lake.
• The United States maintained military bases throughout the
Caribbean, notably in Puerto Rico and at Guantanamo Bay in Cuba.
• In 1917 the United States purchased the Virgin Islands from
Denmark.
The Roosevelt Corollary, which said that the
United States would intervene when
countriesin the Western Hemisphere
became unstable, was an “extension” made
by President —
A Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe
Doctrine.
B Theodore Roosevelt to the Open Door
Policy.
C Franklin Roosevelt to the Good Neighbor
Policy.
D Franklin Roosevelt to the Truman Doctrine.
The acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands in
1898 was a result of United States —
A Imperialism.
B Progressivism.
C Socialism.
D Isolationism.
Americans in the late 19th century
who favored the annexation of the
Hawaiian
Islands MOST commonly supported
their position by pointing out Hawaii’s
—
A rich mineral resources.
B highly skilled population.
C industrial strength.
D strategic location.