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The Gilded Age & Progressive
Era Review Project
By: Darius, Chase, Liz, Jaime,
Sarah
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Background Information – What
are these two era’s?

Gilded Age – 1870’s – 1900’s

Progressive Age – (1890 – 1920)
- By the beginning of the twentieth century,
- Rapid economic growth generated vast
muckraking journalists were calling attention
wealth during the Gilded Age
to the:
-New products and technologies improved
- exploitation of child labor,
- corruption in city governments,
middle-class quality of life
-Industrial workers and farmers did not share - ruthless business practices employed by
businessmen like John D. Rockefeller.
in the new prosperity, working long hours in
dangerous conditions for low pay
 At the local level, many Progressives sought
-Gilded Age politicians were largely corrupt
to suppress red-light districts, expand high
schools, construct playgrounds, and replace
and ineffective
corrupt urban political machines with more
-Most Americans during the Gilded Age
efficient system of municipal government.
wanted political and social reforms, but they
 At the state level, Progressives enacted
disagreed strongly on what kind of reform
minimum wage laws for women workers,
instituted industrial accident insurance,
restricted child labor, and improved factory
regulation.
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Presidents of era – Gilded Age

Andrew Johnson
-1865-1869 (17th president)
-He was president Lincoln’s
vice president and took
office after he was
assassinated.
-Democrat
-Congress passed 14th
amendment but Johnson
southern states not to ratify
it.
-He was the first president
to be impeached
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Presidents of era – Gilded Age

Ulysses S. Grant
-1869-1877 (18th)
-Republican
-Worked hard to ensure
passage of 15th amendment
which gave black men the
right to vote. His cabinet was
filled with corruption and
scandals, although he
himself was honest.
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
Presidents of era – Gilded Age
Rutherford B. Hayes
-1877-1881 (19th)
-Republican
-Won the presidency 185 to
184 in the most disputed
election in American history.
-Hayes confronted two issues
regarding the currency, the
first of which was the coinage
of silver, and its relation to
gold. In 1873, the Coinage Act
of 1873 stopped the coinage of
silver for all coins worth a
dollar or more, effectively
tying the dollar to the value of
gold.
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Presidents of era – Gilded Age

James A. Garfield
-1881 (20th)
-Republican
-against corruption and
strengthened federal
authority over New York
Customs House.
-July 2, 1881 Garfield was
shot in a railroad station
and in September he
died from infection and
an internal hemorrhage
from the wound.
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Presidents of era – Gilded Age

Chester Arthur
-1881-1885 (21st)
-Republican
-Signed Tariff Act of
1883 which lowered
taxes.
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Presidents of era – Gilded Age

Grover Cleveland
-1885-1889 (22nd)
-First democratic
president elected after the
Civil War and only
president to serve two
terms not consecutively.
-signed the Interstate
Commerce Act, the first
law attempting Federal
regulation of the railroads.
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Presidents of era – Progressive Era

Benjamin Harrison
-1889-1893 (23rd)
-Republican
-First Pan American
Conference was held in
Washington in 1889 as a result
of his vigorous foreign policy.
-Signed the Sherman Anti-Trust
Act which protected trade and
commerce from unlawful
monopolies
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Presidents of era – Progressive Era

Grover Cleveland
-1893-1897 (24th)
-Democrat
-Was against any bill or act
that would give special
favors to any economic
group because he didn’t
want people feeling entitled
to government parenting.
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Presidents of era – Progressive Era

William McKinley
-1897-1901 (25th)
-Republican
-Entered the United States
in the 100 Days War
against Spain for the
liberation of Cuba.
-Annexed Philippines,
Guam, and Puerto Rico.
-September 1901 he was
assassinated
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Presidents of era – Progressive Era

Theodore Roosevelt
-1901-1909 (26th)
-Republican
-Ensured construction of
the Panama Canal
-Won the Nobel Peace
Prize for mediating the
Russo-Japanese War
-Known as the “trust
buster”
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Wars

INDIAN WARS

- Sioux wars of 1875 in
Dakota Territory

- Nez Perce War of 1877

- Battle of Wounded
Knee (“massacre”)

- Battle of Little Bighorn

- Sand Creek Massacre
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The Indian Wars – More Information

1864- Union troops killed
hundreds of women/children
at the Sand Creek Massacre

- Sioux Wars - 1860s/70s
-
General George Armstrong
Custer’s 264 troops fell to
Chief Sitting Bull

-Battle of Wounded Knee this was the last major
conflict between the Sioux
and the United States

- On December 29, the U.S.
Army’s 7th Cavalry
surrounded a band of Ghost
Dancers under Big Foot, a
Lakota Sioux chief, near
Wounded Knee Creek and
demanded they surrender
their weapons.

- As that was happening, a
fight broke out between an
Indian and a U.S. soldier and
a shot was fired, although it’s
unclear from which side.

- A brutal massacre followed,
in which it’s estimated 150
Indians were killed, nearly
half of them women and
children.
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Wars – Causes and Effects

The push of White settlers westward into
Native Americans Lands drove them
from their homes which caused
REBELLION

These wars with the Native Americans
were mainly caused because of white
settlers wanting to expand which caused
Native Americans to rebel, and in some
instances they won some battles, but the
Americans were far more than the
Natives
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
The Spanish American War
- The Spanish-American War: 1898
- Anti-Imperialist League forms
- Tension between Spain and Cuba became more
extreme
- Yellow Journalism makes things worse than it
really was (it called for the American people to
press Congress to declare war)
- USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor- Caused
by Spain
- McKinley asks congress to declare war on Spain
b/c he feared that the public would turn on him
- U.S. annexes Hawaii - overthrowing of Queen
Liliuokalani
- Congress passes Teller Amendment
- Admiral George Dewey takes Philippines at
Manila Bay
-1899 - Emilio Aguinaldo leads Filipino
Insurrection
- He would later rebel against Americans
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Treaties – Gilded Age

The Treaty of Paris
- This ended the
Spanish-American War.
- Spain granted U.S.
Cuba, Guam, and Puerto
Rico
- Pres. McKinley bought
Philippines for $20
million
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Treaties – Progressive Era
- Hay-Pauncefote Treaty(1901- - It formally ended the 1904-05
1902)
Russo-Japanese War. It was
signed on September 5, 1905
- Britain and U.S.
after negotiations at the
Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in
- Great Britain recognized the Kittery, Maine.
right of the US to build a canal
across Panama or Nicaragua
 - Root-Takahira Agreement

- US backs Panamanian revolt
against Colombia

- Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
created/signed
- Roosevelt negotiates peace to
end Russo-Japanese war

- Treaty of Portsmouth signed
- signed on Nov. 30, 1908
- Japan/US agreed to respect
each other’s possessions in the
Pacific and also to uphold the
Open Door Policy
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
Social Ideologies – Gilded Age
Social Darwinism- It stated that only the strongest
and the fittest would survive and flourish in society,
while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die.
Spencer is accredited for coining the phrase
"survival of the fittest" and known for his social

theory of cutthroat economic competition. The
Social Darwinism ideology negatively impacted
America by giving wealthier Americans a
justification to ignore the poor, having them believe
that lower class people were inferior and would
weaken the human race. This philosophy cause
an even deeper separation in the social rank.

Individualism (Horatio Alger) - Individualism was
another common theory during the Gilded Age. Its
main focus was on supporting the liberty,
rights, and independent action of each
individual. A prime advocate of individualism
is Horatio Alger. Alger was a respected liberal
author among working class Americans. His many
"rags to riches" novels inspired many people to try
to overcome their situation, despite how impossible
it may seem.

The Gospel Wealth- Born a poor Scottish immigrant
turned millionaire who represented the
opportunity to change your social class, which
many called the American Dream. Carnegie also
wrote a book entitled The Gospel of Wealth which
inspired many people. The book writes what
Carnegie thinks are the responsibilities of wealthy
people. He believes that wealthy people have the
opportunity to help others who don’t have much
opportunity.
Laissez - Faire-During the Gilded Age, laissez faire
advocates argued that government involvement
hindered economic development and distorted the
natural and equitable forces of economic progress.
Government intervention was considered
tantamount to "class legislation"—an unjust and
artificial reallocation of economic resources and
power from one group to another.
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Social Ideologies – Progressive Era

Progressivism – political philosophy
based on the Idea of Progress, which
asserts that advances in science,
technology, economic developments, and
social organization can improve the
human condition.

Anarchism: a political theory holding all
forms of governmental authority to be
unnecessary and undesirable and
advocating a society based on voluntary
cooperation and free association of
individuals and groups (was used within
the labor movement as well)

Socialism: a way of organizing a society in
which major industries are owned and
controlled by the government rather than
by individual people and companies

**both new types of ideology were seen
as “dangerous” movements and were
often over exaggerated; these ideas were
also more embraced in Europe than in the
US
+ Supreme Court Decisions – Gilded
Age

- Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
-
- Louisiana gave a monopoly to one slaughterhouse in the city of New Orleans
- outlawed racial discrimination in public areas
several Southern states disregarded the law
- African-Americans brought suits against segregation laws on
- Private and smaller slaughterhouses sued the state - believed grounds of their equal protection under the law,” 14th
it violated their right to the 14th Amendment
Amendment were being violated.

- Wabash, St. Louis, & Pacific Railway Co. V. Illinois
(1886)
- The state of Illinois was emboldened and decided to take on
the railroad trust by passing a law setting the maximum rates
that could be charged by the railroads.
- Railroad companies sued the state on the grounds that the
state did not have the power to regulate rail business.

- Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
- created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
-
first federal regulatory agency to regulate business

- Civil Rights Cases (1883)
-
Passed Civil Rights Act of 1875

- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- State of Louisiana passed a law requiring the segregation of all
railway cars
- Homer Plessy, who was ⅛ black, was arrested for sitting in a
White rail car and refused to move
- Brought suit on the grounds of the state violating his rights to
the 14th Amendment
- Supreme Court established the “separate but equal” doctrine,
which said segregation was deemed constitutional as long as it
affirmed the idea of “separate but equal”
- court’s decision upheld Jim Crow segregation throughout the
South
+ Supreme Court Decisions –
Progressive Era

- Muller v. Oregon (1908)

-The Court upheld the Oregon law that
barred women from certain factory and
laundry work.

-The Court took into account the physical
differences between men and women,
based on the brief submitted by Louis D.
Brandeis stating that “women’s physical
structure and the function she
performs…justify special legislation
restricting the conditions under which she
should be permitted to toil.”

- it improved working conditions for
women

- U.S. v. Standard Oil (1911)

– restores “rule of reason” as guide in
antitrust cases. Courts once again could
distinguish good v. bad trusts
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Supreme Court Decisions –
Progressive Era

- Elkins Act of 1903

- Congress passes the Elkins Act, which is intended to
strengthen the Interstate Commerce Act. The Elkins Act makes
it a crime for railroads to grant freight rates other than those
which they have published.

-Railroad companies themselves have lobbied for this
regulation because most are tired of the rebating practice.
With rebates, some rail lines—especially the larger ones—
grant off-the-books discounts to important customers.

- These special customers are usually trusts who demand
special treatment or else threaten to take their extremely
valuable business elsewhere.

- The Northern Securities Co. V. United States (1904)

- The Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities
Company, which controlled three railroads and monopolized
rail transit for 1/4 of the United States was in violation of the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890. This was the first real usage of
the law to break down monopolies.
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Foreign Policy issues and ideology

GILDED AGE = Laisezz Faire type of government,
-Intervention in Latin America (Mexican revolution, Haiti,
protective tariffs as well to reduce market competition from Dominican Republic ww1-usa joined in 1917
other countries

PROGRESSIVE ERA =
-Spanish American War- In 1898, a conflict between the
United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the
Cubans' fight for independence
-the Treaty of Versailles- treaty after ww1, included lon but
usa did not sign it
-Return to Normalcy- Warren G Harding wants to return to
isolationism
-the 1898 Treaty of Paris- get Spain out of Cuba
-Philippine American War-The conflict that arose when the US
tried to annex this Pacific Island chain
-Annexation of Hawaii-(1898) intended to extend US territory
into the Pacific & highlighted resulted from economic
-TRs big stick diplomacy-Diplomatic policy developed by TR integration & rise of US as a Pacific power. Key provision spot
that emphasizes US power and TR's readiness to use military for Ame whaling ships, fertile ground from Ame protestant
force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without missionaries and a new source of sugar cane production
actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic
foreign policy
-Roosevelt Corollary,-Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the
Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right
- Spheres of Influence-areas in which countries have some
to protect its economic interests in South And Central America
political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. by using military force
Europe and U.S. in China during Open Door era)
-Treaty of New Hampshire 1905- ended Russo Japanese War
-Open Door Policy-A policy that asked powerful and influential
countries to respect Chinese rights and promote fair trade
with low tariffs. This policy was accepted by other countries -Wilsons 14 point address- his fourteen points going into ww1,
lon was his biggest goal
and prevented any country from creating a monopoly on
Chinese trade.
-Dollar Diplomacy-Taft, encourage and protect trade with Latin
America and Asia
+ Political Platforms – Gilded Age
1868-Democrats- The
ran on platform of civil service
Democrats nominated New
reform and an end to
York governor Horatio
reconstruction
Seymour, who ran on a
-Republicans- Grant- Civil
platform calling for the
service reform and protection
repayment of the war debt
for rights of ex-slaves
in greenbacks.
-Republicans- The party platform  1876-Republicans- Rutherford
pledged a continuation of radical B. Hayes- focused on change
reconstruction, an issue on
and reform and conservative
which Grant was a moderate.
rule in south
-Democrats- Samuel J Tilden 1872- Democratic, Liberal
focused on change and reform
Republican- Horace Greely- and conservative rule in south

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Political Platforms – Gilded Age
1880-Democrats- Winfield
Democratic professional
Hancock- civil service reform, politicians who opposed civil
pensions for veterans, exclusion service reform
of Chinese immigrants
-Union war veterans, represented
-Republicans- James Garfieldby the G.A.R., who resented the
civil service reform, pensions for veto of pension legislation
veterans, exclusion of Chinese
-Industrial leaders who opposed
immigrants
the president's call
for tariff reduction
 1884- Rep- James Blaine-Farmers and debtors who
protective tariffs and reform
disliked Cleveland's adherence to
-Dem- Grover Cleveland- reform the gold standard.

1888- republicans- Benjamin
Harrison- high tariffs
-Democrats- Cleveland- The

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Political Platforms – Gilded Age
1892- Cleveland (democrat)tax, direct election of U.S. senators,
wanted to lower tariffs,
one-term limits for presidents,
supported gold standard,
immigration restrictions, shorter
opposed Force Bill
workdays, and a referendum.
-Harrison (rep) - republicans want -Prohibition-John Bidwell- Wanted
high tariff
Prohibition
-Populists- James weaver 1896campaigned on a platform of
 Republican- William McKinleyunlimited, cheap silver money
High protective tariffs and gold
pegged at a rate of sixteen ounces standard
of silver to one ounce of gold.
 Populist and DemocratsPopulists also campaigned for
William Jennings Bryan-get off
government ownership of all
gold standard, cross of gold
railroad and telephone
speech
companies, a graduated income

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Political Platforms – Progressive
Era
1900- Republican- Mckinley- Praised President - Democrats- Omitted the currency issue (Alton
McKinley’s record: improved business
Parker’s telegram supported the gold standard);
conditions, won Spanish-American War;
reduce government spending; wanted
defended postwar expansionism; established congressional investigation of the executive
department of commerce; condemned Jim
departments; end government contracts with
Crow, southern laws that blocked Africancompanies violating antitrust laws; endorsed:
Americans voting; raised child labor age limit; independence for the Philippines; eight-hour
constructed a canal in Panama.
work day; construction of a Panama Canal; direct
 Democrat-William Jennings Bryan- antielection of senators, western territories
imperialism platform; denounced colonial
statehood; and extermination of polygamy,
policies; condemned post-war expansionism; reciprocal trade agreements, army cuts; civil
included free silver
service laws enforcement condemned
monopolies, the protective tariff, imperialism;
 1904Condemned the Roosevelt administration as
- Republican Party- Theodore Roosevelt“spasmodic, erratic, sensational, spectacular, and
Maintain protective tariff, increase foreign trade, arbitrary”
respect gold standard, expand the merchant
marine, build strong navy; Praised Roosevelt’s
foreign and domestic policy

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Political Platforms – Progressive
Era




1908Republicans- Taft- Endorsed: employer
liability laws; safety appliance statutes,
shorter work days; workman’s
compensation for injuries; public works;
eight-hour work day; equal justice,
enforcement of the 13th, 14th 15th
amendments of the Constitution.
Democrats- endorses: Progressive
reforms; social justice agenda; material
prosperity; charitable programs;
“necessary” taxation, nationalization of
the railroads, Philippines’ independence;
Denounced U.S. imperialism
Socialists- Debs- stirred the campaign
with a 350-city whistle-stop tour on the
“Red Special” addressing about
800,000 people but received a smaller
percentage of the vote than in 1904




1912Progressives- Roosevelt- “The New
Nationalism” reforms federal regulation
over: the economy,
corporations; overruling judicial
decisions that contradicted progressive
reforms;
Republican- Taft- Increase Judicial power
over elected officials
Democrats- Woodrow Wilson- “New
Freedom” Individualism; moderate
progressive measures: single six-year
presidential term, direct election of
Senators, national income tax, presidential
primaries
+ Political Platforms – Progressive
Era
1916prohibition, Volstead act, progressive
-Democrats- Woodrow Wilson- Peace and
reforms, labor; Government regulations of:
neutrality: military preparedness;
Industry, transportation, natural resources,
progressive reforms (tariffs, banking, labor, immigration
agriculture) women’s suffrage (voted from
the floor: minority plank wanted to leave
 1924the decision to individual states, defeated
888 ½ to 181 ½.)
-Democrats- John Davis- Intense battle over
- Republican Party- Hughes- Women’s
the platform; need national referendum to
decide entry to the League of Nations; affirm
suffrage (decision of individual states);
importance of religious liberties; motion to
Equal rights for women (separate plank);
condemn the (anti-Catholic, racist) Ku Klux
stronger national defense, tariff commission; Klan in the platform blocked
natural resources conservation. Condemned
the Wilson administration’s interference in -Republicans- Coolidge- Reduce taxes;
participate in World Court; establish
Mexico.
Cabinet-level departments of education and
-Progressives- TR left and decided to
relief; aid farmers; broaden export markets;
support Hughes as progressives fell apart encourage commercial aviation; need for
federal anti-lynching law
 1920-Progressives- Lafollette(“fighting Bob”)Hoping to serve as a spoiler, prevent a
-Republicans-Warren G Harding- Return to majority, throw the election to the House of
Representatives, then win as a compromise
Normalcy after the world war, End to
lynching; women’s suffrage amendment
ratification; foreign policy

-Democrats- James M. Cox- Membership in
+
Amendments – Gilded Age

1868: July 28- The 14th Amendment grants
citizenship to anyone born in the US and
guarantees due process and equal
protection of the laws.

1882: May 6- Congress passes the Chinese
Exclusion Act, barring Chinese immigration
for 10 years

1870: March 30- The 15th Amendment
guarantees the right to vote regardless “of
race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.”

1883: October 15- The Supreme Court rules
that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 only forbids
state-imposed discrimination, not that by
individuals or corporations

1875: March 1- Congress passed the Civil
Rights Act of 1875 to guarantee equal use of
public accommodations and places of public
amusement. It also forbids the exclusion of
African Americans from jury duty.


1887: Feb. 8: The Dawes Severalty Act
subdivides Indian reservations into
individual plots of land of 160 to 320 acres.
"Surplus" lands are sold to white settlers.
1890: July 2- Congress passes the Sherman
Anti-Trust Act.
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Amendments – Progressive Era

National Reclamation Act (1902) - Provided
for federal irrigation projects by using
money from the sale of public lands

Elkins Act (1903) - Imposed fines on
railroads that gave special rates to favored
shippers.

Hepburn Act (1906) - Authorized the
federal government to regulate railroad
rates and set maximum prices for ferries,
bridge tolls, and oil pipelines.

Meat inspection Act (1906) - Allowed the
federal government to inspect meat sold
across state lines and required inspections
of meat processing plants

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) - Outlawed
monopolies and practices that restrained
trade, such as price fixing

Pure Food and Drug act (1906) - Allowed
federal inspection of food and medicine
and banned the shipment and sale of
impure food and the mislabeling of food
and medicine.

Sixteenth Amendment (1913) - gave
congress the power to collect taxes on
people's income.
+
Amendments – Progressive Era

Seventeenth Amendment (1913) instituted the direct election of senators
by the people of each state.

Underwood Tariff Act (1913) - lowered
tariffs on imported goods and
established a graduated income tax.

Federal Reserve Act (1913) - created the
Federal Reserve Board to oversee banks
and manage reserve funds

Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) Established the Federal Trace
commission to monitor business practice,
false advertising, and dishonest labeling.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Strengthened the Sherman Anti-trust act
by selling out specific activities
businesses could not do.

Eighteenth Amendment (1919) - Banned
the making, selling, and transporting of
alcoholic beverages in the US

Nineteenth Amendment (1920 - gave
women the right to vote in all elections
+
Famous Publications

The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today is an 1873
novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley
Warner that satirizes greed and political
corruption in post-Civil War America

Ida Tarbell- one of the most famous
muckrakers of the progressive era, she
wrote for many magazines and a book
called The History of the standard Oil
Company which depicted Rockefeller as
money-grabbing and viciously effective at
monopolizing the oil trade

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle- A muckraker who
published this book that described the
conditions in the Chicago stockyards of the
meatpacking industry that caused public
outcry. The publication of the book also
caused Congress to enact two laws in 1906:
the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat
Inspection Act.
+ Famous People

Grover Cleveland - He was the first Democratic
president elected after the Civil War and the
only person ever to be elected to nonconsecutive terms in office.

Eugene Debs - He led the drive for one big
 Booker T. Washington - former slave who
union embracing all rail workers. In his early
promoted industrial education and economic
twenties, he had become an official of the
opportunity but not social equality for blacks
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, a bastion of
crafts separatism.
 John d. Rockefeller- American businessman,
founder of the standard oil company (major
Jacob Riis - Early 1900's muckraker who
monopoly) - Andrew Carnegie- steel king;
exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with
integrated every phase of his steel-making
his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed
operation. Ships, railroads, etc. pioneered
the poor conditions of the poor tenements in
"Vertical Integration" ; his goal was to improve
NYC and Hell's Kitchen
efficiency by making supplies more reliable
controlling the quality of the product at all stages
of production
Thomas Edison - Invented the phonograph and
the light blub
 Jane Addams- middle-class woman dedicated
to uplifting the urban masses; college educated
Jay Gould - He was the prototype for the
(one of first generation); established the Hull
"Robber Baron" and the corrupt railroad king.
House in Chicago in 1889 (most prominent
American settlement house, mostly for
immigrants); condemned war and poverty; won
J.P. Morgan - Business man -refinanced
the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
railroads during depression of 1893 - built
intersystem alliance by buying stock in
competing railroads - marketed US government
securities on large scale





Boss Tweed - To many late nineteenth century
Americans, he personified public corruption. In
the late 1860s, William M. Tweed was the New
York City's political boss.
+
Some terms to know

Wabash Case - An 1886 Supreme Court
ruling that declared that only the federal
government could regulate interstate
commerce. The case prompted Congress
to pass the Interstate Commerce Act a
year later.

Square Deal - The collective term for
Theodore Roosevelt’s set of progressive 
domestic policies, which aimed to
regulate big business, help organized
labor, protect consumers, and conserve
the country’s dwindling natural resources.

Vertical Integration - A business strategy,
often used by Gilded Age tycoons, that
attempts to insulate a company from
competition by integrating every aspect
of production into a single company, thus
eliminating middlemen.

Muckrakers - Exposé writers who
informed the public about many
corporate evils and social injustices in the
late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries. Many muckraker articles and
books, such as Upton Sinclair’s novel The
Jungle , pushed the U.S. government to
launch reform campaigns and contributed
to the Progressive movement.
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Hull House - A social settlement founded
by Jane Addams in the slums of Chicago in
1889. Hull House attempted to improve
life for the city’s impoverished immigrants
by offering them classes, counseling, and
day-care services.
Gospel of Wealth - A social doctrine
espoused by many wealthy businessmen
during the Gilded Age that justified the
growing income gap between rich and
poor by arguing that God blessed the
industrious with riches.