Social Justices
Sara Green
Jelesha Murphy
Tyner Pearson
Reconstruction
(1865-1877)
What was Reconstruction?
• “The Reconstruction Period was the period after
the American Civil War when the southern states
were reorganized and reintegrated into the
union. 1865-1877”
Events Leading up to Reconstruction
• End of the Civil War (April 9, 1865)
• Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (April 15,
1865)
• Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes
president
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Was established in the War Dept. in March, 1865
• Provided assistance to freed slaves after the civil
war
• Was opposed by President Johnson
• Lacked the military backing it needed but was
still successful
• Established black colleges and institutions
▫ Howard University
▫ Hampton Institute
Freedmen’s Bureau cont’d
• Did not bring blacks and whites together in the
South
• Needed support from northern and southern
politicians, which it didn’t get
• Staff was cut dramatically in 1869 and the
bureau ended in 1872
General O.O. Howard
(Freedmen’s Bureau)
• Important Freedmen’s
Bureau commissioner
• Civil War Hero
• Sympathetic to blacks
• Firmly believed that
blacks should gain their
rights as quickly as
possible
• Thought the bureau was
temporary
Reconstruction Amendments
• The 13th amendment was ratified in 1865 and
abolished slavery
• The 14th amendment was ratified in 1868 and
granted all persons born in the US citizenship
and equal protection under the law
• The 15th amendment was ratified in 1870 and
granted African American male suffrage
Civil Rights Bill
• Passed by congress on April 9, 1866 over
President Johnson’s veto
• all persons born in the US were now citizens
• Ku Klux Klan
• Failed to guarantee civil rights of African
Americans
Radical Republicans
• Became powerful in congress after 1860 election
• Abolish slavery
• Believed that freed slaves should have complete
equality with whites
• Opposed Fugitive Slave Act and KansasNebraska Act
• Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner
Reconstruction Accomplishments
• 1872-1873 P.B.S. Pinchback became the first
black to serve as a state governor
• 1874- Robert Smalls elected to Congress as a SC
representative
• 1873-75 forty-third congress- 6 blacks in HOR
• 1875-77 forty-fourth congress- 6 blacks in HOR
• Civil Rights Act enacted by congress; later found
unconstitutional
Sources
"African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau." National Archives and Records
Administration. Web. 01 Nov. 2011. <http://www.archives.gov/research/africanamericans/freedmens-bureau/>.
"1866 Civil Rights Act." Spartacus Educational. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAcivil1866.htm>.
"Reconstruction Period." The Free Dictionary. 2011. Web. Oct.-Nov. 2011.
<http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Reconstruction+Period>.
"Reconstruction Timeline." Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Web.
01 Nov. 2011. <http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/recon/chron.html>.
"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Jim Crow Stories . Freedmen's Bureau | PBS." PBS:
Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_freed.html>.
Progressive Era
(1890s-1920s)
Progressive Era
•
•
The Progressive Era in
American history was a
time of great change and
reform in the United
States.
The period occurred from
the 1890s to 1920 and was
a series of political, social,
and economical reforms
focused on problems that
arose due to urban growth
and the Industrial
Revolution.
Goals
• The four main goals during the era were,
1.Protecting social welfare
2.Promoting moral improvement
3.Creating economic reform
4.Fostering efficiency
Problems
•
Several Problems existed
among the workplace and the
workers
1.
2.
Poverty
Unsanitary slums in American
cities poor working conditions
Child labor in factories
Corporate trusts that eliminated
competition and raised prices with
impunity.
Discrimination against women and
ethnic minorities
Corruption in political machines
3.
4.
5.
6.
Labor Organization
• In 1879 the Knights of
Labor, a workers
organization promoting a
supportive commonwealth
in opposition to the
industrial system ,which
started turning into a
powerful social and political
force.
• Terence Powderly lead the
Knights of Labor and with
his support it grew and
gained more power.
Unions
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Unions were workers on strike during the
progressive era demanding better working
conditions & shorter working hours.
Unions began because of
Low wages
Long working hours with little breaks
Terrible working conditions
To end child labor
Unfair treatment
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• Founded by Samuel
Gompers
• Craft union
• Mostly white men
• More conservative
• Wanted shorter
hours, higher wages,
better working
conditions
Industrial Workers of the World
• Founded by “Big Bill”
Haywood
• Industrial union, came
out of Western mining
strikes.
• Used strikes, boycotts,
songs, and education.
• Rejected political parties
and elections.
• Believed change will
come through a general
strike and the workers
will take over.
• Nicknamed Wobblies
What the Wobblies wanted
• Against capitalism
• Revolutionary union
• Workers should own
industries
• Work toward a
national general
strike
• Distrust of electoral
politics
Three events changed labor
• 1902 Anthracite strike (TR supports miners
against capital)
• 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire (sweatshop working
conditions exposed)
• 1912 Bread and Roses textile strike, Lawrence,
Massachusetts (high point of the IWW)
Supreme Court decisions against labor
• Lochner v. New York (1905) states were not
allowed to restrict work hours
• Danbury Hatters case (1908) unions were not
allowed to boycott
• Before the Clayton Antitrust Act, striking was
against the law
New Laws
• Child labor laws-most states passed minimum
working age laws and prohibited children from
working more than 10 hours per day, but
enforcement was difficult to achieve.
• Muller V. Oregon (1908)-limited women's
working hours
• Workers received better working conditions and
better wages.
Presidents of the Progressive Era
• Theodore Roosevelt
• William Howard Taft
• Woodrow Wilson
Muckrakers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Thomas Nast
Jacob Riis
Ida B. Wells
Frank Norris
Ida Tarbell
Lincoln Steffans
Upton Sinclair
Muckrakers cont.
Social Reformers
•
•
•
•
Jane Adams
Margaret Sanger
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
Tenements
•
•
•
•
•
Caused by the increased number of immigrants
Homes that were poorly sanitized and disease infested
Often for the lower class
Poor ventilation
Paid $12 - $18 month for four “rooms”
Tenements cont.
Immigration
Immigration
• Millions of immigrants
move to the United States
in late 19th century and
early 20th century.
• Mostly Chinese, Irish,
German, Italians, and
people eastern Europe.
• Disliked by many people.
• United States had a hard
time absorbing the
immigrants because their
were so many of them.
Life of a Immigrant
• Looked down upon.
• Lived in harsh and poor conditions.
• Took the jobs that most Americans would not
take.
• Some immigrants ,such as the Irish, had
restrictions that prevented them from having
certain jobs.
Things Done to Help Immigrants
• Tenement houses were made to give new
immigrants a place to stay until they were able to
find a job.
• Women provided the most help to immigrants.
• English would be taught to immigrants.
• Hull houses were made to provide a cleaner
place to live.
Sources
• America, 1900. "The Progressive Era, 1896-1916." Academic American History.
Web. 01 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.academicamerican.com/progressive/topics/progressive.html>.
• "Progressive Era History Resources." SnowCrest Inc. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.snowcrest.net/jmike/progressive.html>.
• "Twentieth Century Began Issues –Industrialization, Immigration, urbanization,
Rise of Corporate Capitalism." Judith McDonough. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.
<http://jrmcdono.myweb.uga.edu/HIS3072RootsProgEra.htm>.
Civil Rights Movement
(1955-1968)
What are Civil Rights?
• Civil rights are personal rights guaranteed and protected by the
U.S. Constitution and federal laws enacted by Congress
Civil Rights include
• Freedom of speech
• The right to vote
• Due process of law
• Equal protection of law
• Protection from unlawful discrimination
What is the Civil Rights Movement
• The Civil Rights Movement was a struggle by African
Americans in the mid-1950s to late 1960s to achieve Civil
Rights that the whites only attained.
Those Rights include:
• Equal opportunity in employment, housing, and education
• Right to vote
• Right of equal access to public facilities
Civil Rights Organizations
• Many organizations were founded for the sole purpose of
helping African Americans gain their civil rights back.
Some of those organizations are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
CORE
COFO
SNCC
SCLC
MFDP
NAACP
Jim Crow Laws
• Jim Crow laws were legal and social restrictions that separated
African Americans from white Americans.
• Jim Crow laws prohibited African Americans from drinking
from the same water fountain, eating at the same restaurants,
using the same restrooms, and attending school with white
Americans.
The Beginning
• Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas marked the
beginning of the Civil Rights movement.
• May 17 1954 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in
schools was unconstitutional.
Death of Emmett Till
• While visiting his family in Mississippi Emmet Till was
beaten, shot, and thrown into the Tallahatchie River for
whistling at a white women in August 1955.
• J.W Milam and Rob Bryant
Emmett Till cont.
Greensboro sit-in
•
•
•
•
•
Four College students from N.C. A&T State University
Franklin McCain
Joseph McNeil
Ezell Blair Jr.
David Richmond
Woolworth Store on South Elm Street.
Woolworth Store
Birmingham Campaign
• Birmingham, Alabama
• A peaceful protest organized by Martin Luther King
• Dr. King hoped to provoke violent reactions by whites and
gain media attention.
March on Washington
• August 28, 1963
• 200,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial
• Dr. King gave his famous speech “ I have a Dream”
Civil Rights Leaders
•
•
•
•
•
John F. Kennedy
Marcus Garvey
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Rosa Parks
Malcolm X
Sources
"John Kennedy and Civil Rights." History Learning Site. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/john_kennedy_and_civil_rights.htm>.
Simon, Dennis M. "The Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1963." Aug. 2002. Web. 01 Nov.
2011. <http://faculty.smu.edu/dsimon/Change-Civ%20Rts.html>.
"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- March on Washington Documents." Civil
Rights Movement Veterans - CORE, NAACP, SCLC, SNCC. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.crmvet.org/docs/mowhomed.htm>.
Global Connection
ILO
• International Labor Organization
• UN agency that promotes internationally
recognized human and labor rights
• Founded in 1919
• Became the first specialized UN agency in 1946
• Equality for workers, employers, and
governments
Source
• "Tripartite Constituents." International Labour Organization. Web.
01 Nov. 2011. <http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/who-weare/tripartite-constituents/lang--en/index.htm>.