USSR
VS

Communism
Government is run by 1 party

Socialism-wealth is shared





Government controls economics
Speech and Press is controlled
by Gov
USA





Freedoms of speech, press

Competition

Praise Work of individual
Encourage Equality
Encourage work for the
community
Democracy
Political parties compete for
control of Gov
Capitalism-wealth is kept by
those who gain it
People make their own economic
decisions
Discuss

Examples of how we
see 4 of the principles
mentioned in our
everyday lives or in
our government
THE COLD WAR
CH 12 Section 1
THE PROGRSSION OF THE US vs USSR


After WWII Eastern & Western Allies grew apart.
Soviet Union feared capitalist West & Western
Powers feared the communists of East.
 Europe
lied in Ruin after WWII
The Alliances split


“an iron curtain has descended across the continent.
Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient
states of central and eastern Europe… in the
Soviet sphere and are all subject… to soviet
influence…
and increasing measure of control
from Moscow.” (Winston Churchill)
Stalin responded to Churchill’s speech: “Mr. Churchill
now stands in the position of a firebrand of war.”
White board

What does Churchill mean by an “Iron Curtain”
Soviets control East

Soviets forced E. Europe to form
communist govts. to form
Nations USSR liberated Communist
 buffer zone along Soviet western border.


U.S. promoted democratic & anticommunist nations globally.


Nations US liberated Democratic
The U.S. and USSRtwo superpowers.

distrusted each other = beginnings of the
Cold War.
Containment-stop the
spread of Communism

Truman Doctrine -$ nations to fight communism


Civil war broke out in Greece, between communists and
anticommunist forces(US Funded).
Marshall Plan (U.S. sec of state George C. Marshall)
program designed to rebuild prosperity &
stability of war-torn Europe with US Money
 to prevent communist takeover & for
humanitarian reasons.


USSR & E. European satellite states refused to
participate.

S.U. proposed COMECON, which failed.
White Board


Boys. How are the Truman Doctrine and Marshall
plan similar
Girls. How are the Truman Doctrine and Marshall
plan different
Germany Divided

Germany & cap.
city Berlin were
both divided into
four allied
controlled zones
(U.S, Britain,
France & S.U.)
West. powers wanted to unify their 3
zones.

Soviets oppose & react
blockading West Berlin in
attempt to force entire city
under Soviet rule.
 West. powers responded w.
successful Berlin Airlift.


1949, West Germany
created (capital = Bonn)
and East Germany created
(capital = E. Berlin.)
Berlin Wall created 1961

Soviet Leader Nikita Krushchev ordered E. German
govt. to build Berlin Wall,


to stop E. Berliners escaping into W. Berlin.
This symbolized the Cold War.
12.1 B Alliances and Conflicts of the
Cold War
China turns Communist

In 1949, Mao Zedong’s communist forces won the
civil war in China.

Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist forces
fled to island of Taiwan.
White Board

Why would the US fear China being Communist
THE NUCLEAR AGE & Space Race

In 1949, Soviets detonate
an atomic bomb



Soviets had spies in US
Nuclear arms race of M.A.D.
had begun! By mid-1950’s
both U.S. & S.U. developed
H-bombs & I.C.B.M.s
In 1957, Soviets beat U.S.
into space w. satellite Sputnik
(the Space Race had begun.)
New alliances



In 1949, military alliance N.A.T.O. was created by
west. powers.
In 1955, Soviets created Warsaw Pact.(communist
block nations)
To stem Soviet aggression, U.S. became allied
militarily w. 42 nations around world
White boards

What 2 events in 1949 caused the US to form
military alliances?
Korean War 1950-53. –
attempt to spread communism


1950 N. Korea
(Communist) pass 38
parallel invade S.Korea
UN and US help defend
South




Gen Mac Arthur leader(later fired)
Soviets support N Korea
China- lends 300,000
troops to help N. K.
July 1953 3-year war.
Border set 38 parallel
White Board

What was the goal of the US in the Korean War?
Cuban Revolution


Left-wing revolutionary Fidel Castro overthrew the
Cuban dictator Batista and set up a Sovietsupported totalitarian regime.
U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy approved secret plan for
Cuban exiles to start a revolt vs. Castro at failed
mission at the Bay of Pigs in 1961.
Cuban Missile Crisisclose to Nuclear War



In 1962, a U-2 American spy
plane photographed the building
of nuclear missile sites inside Cuba,
Kennedy set up a naval blockade
of Cuba.
Krushchev decided 8 days later to
turn back Soviet fleet carrying
missiles


in return for promise from Kennedy
to not invade Cuba. & take missiles
out of Turkey
D.C. & Moscow set up hotline
communications system.
Discuss


What advantage would the USSR have in having
Missiles in Cuba?
Why would the US take missiles out of Turkey as
part of the Agreement
Vietnam Conflict

France tried to keep colonial hold
on Vietnam, but was defeated by
forces of Ho Chi Minh.
 Created
N.Vietam(communist) & S.
Vietnam(Anti-Communist


In 1964, Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson
sent large #s of American troops to
stop North from Invading South
U.S. fears based on domino theory.
White Boards

What other nations had similar communist non
communist splits?
American Negative opinion of war

TV images of war & mounting U.S. casualties
produced antiwar movement,
 espec.

among college students of draft age.
Richard Nixon won presidential race w. pledge to
end U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
Nixon expanded U.S. targets




Us bombs neighboring
countries Laos Cambodia
1973 a peace agreement
w. N. Vietnam had been
reached and U.S.
withdrew.
1975, Vietnam forcibly
reunited under
Communism.
Cambodia & Laos also
fell to communists, but
domino theory stopped
there.
Discuss

Why would the US bomb Laos and Cambodia
US befriends China

A split between Communist China & S.U. provided
opportunity for Nixon to resume relations w. China.
12.2 The Rise of the USSR &Soviet
Control


Five years after WWII, Russian industrial
production surpassed prewar level by 40
percent (fast recovery!)
production was targeted for military use
(few consumer goods and crowded housing.)
End of Stalin
Stalin remained undisputed
master USSR
 became increasingly repressive.
 A new series of political terror and purges seemed
likely, but Stalin’s death in 1953 prevented.

White Boards

What are some good things that come with Stalin's
death for the Russian People
Nikita Khrushchev emerged as new
Soviet leader


(de-Stalinization.) began to undo
some of Stalin’s abusive policies
Khrushchev publicly condemning
Stalin for his “violence, mass
repression ,terror, brutality and his
abuse of power.”
Discuss

What was Khrushchev's role in the Cuban Missile
Crisis
Khrushchev loosened literary controls


Allowing publication of One Day in the Life
of Ivan Denisovich,
grim portrayal of Siberian forced labor camp
written by Alexander Solzhenitsyn.
Khrushchev Removed



Slow industrial production,
unsuccessful agricultural policies,
Failed focus on consumer
production
Khrushchev’s reckless plan to
place missiles in Cuba
Efforts to reduce privileges of
Soviet officials, led to removal
from office in 1964.
White Board

Other names for those Communist Nations in front of
Russia.
Soviet Satellite states-Soviet controlled
communist states



1945-48, E. Germany,
Bulgaria, Romania,
Poland & Hungary,
Chechoslovakia
Satellite states instituted
“five-year plans” of
industrialization
Collectivized
agriculture, eliminated
all non-Communist
parties & built
repressive secret police
and military forces.
Discuss

What was the reasoning and origins of the soviets
taking of the East.
Communist Separate from USSR



Albania set up a Stalinisttype dictatorial regime that
was NOT a Soviet satellite
(allied w. Communist China!)
In Yugoslavia, Josip Broz
(Tito,) former leader of
Communist resistance to Nazis
during war,
created a Communist govt.
that was NOT a Soviet
satellite. He ruled until death
in 1980.
1956 Hungarian reform
crushed




E. Europeans resent Soviet dominance
Protests and bad economy difficulties led
to calls for revolt.
Imre Nagy declared Hungary an
independent nation in 1956 and promised
free elections.
Soviet army attacked capital of Budapest,
reestablished control and executed Nagy.
Discuss

Why would the USSR take such violent actions
against Hungary?
1968 Czechoslovakia reform Crushed




Their Dictator Antonin Novotny
resigned- disliked by entire
nation
Alexander Dubcek was elected
leader & introduced democratic
reforms (“socialism with a human
face.”)
“Prague Spring” of 1968.
People happy about a new gov.
Soviet army invaded
Czechoslovakia, crushed reform
movement and replaced Dubcek
12.3 The West During the Cold War
White Board

What are some nations we consider to be in the
West?
France Charles de Gaulle (leader of French
Resistance) established 4th Republic.


Formed Fifth Republic & a new constitution
= more power to president.
elected president freed colonies in
Africa.(rebellion in Algeria)
France Wanted to be a world Power.




first nuclear bomb in 1960.
Left NATO, feared being
controlled by American
French economy grew, cars &
weapons industry.
govt. deficits & rise in cost of
living led to unrest.
 1968
student protests led to a
general labor strike.

President Charles De Gaulle
resigned (died within a year.)
W. Germany



Konrad Adenauerchancellor from 194963.
gain respect for W. Germany by
cooperating w. western powers.
Finance minister Ludwig Erhard, key
part of “economic miracle.”
Unemployment low & needed
 Erhard succeeded Adenauer continue
policies


1969 economic downturn led to rise of
SocialDemocratic Party
Great Britain postwar massive
economic problems



Elected Clement Attlee, Labour Party, new prime minister
(beat Churchill & Conserv Party.)
passed National Insurance Act & National Health Service
Act (for unemployed, sick & elderly.)
Socialized medicine and welfare state became model for
most European states.(high cost)
 reduce
expenses by dismantling British Empire
 Colonies given independence.
 Britain no longer a world superpower.
Germany & Japan “economic miracles:”




new factories due to devastation,
spent little on military (depended on U.S. for
protection),
Rebuilt infrastructure, got US aid & had skilled,
educated & motivated workers.
both import of raw materials & food , export
manufactured goods
European Economic Community


created free-trade area (no tariffs) in W. Europe.
E. E. C. became world’s largest trading bloc,
12.3 The US 1945-1970 Cold War
Society




big increase in role of federal
govt
Postwar economic boom = After
WWII Americans had extra
income & desire to buy goods,
growth of labor unions brought
higher real wages.
GI Bill- payed for vets to go to
college gaining better jobs
White Board

Which groups of Americans did not have the same
access to the American dream?
Red Scare- Fear of
Communist


Red Scare = Soviets built
atomic bomb, Communist
takeover in China and
American fighting N Korea
.
McCarthyism

Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy Accused American
intellectuals, movie stars &military officials.
 Un
true
 Individuals were blacklisted as “Communist conspirators”
(McCarthyism.)

U.S. Senate condemned McCarthy in 1954
JFK & LBJ
Democratic
Presidents


youngest and first Catholic president in 1960. Assassinated
in Dallas, Nov. 1963.
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson took office and was
reelected in 1964. L.B.J.’s policies known as the “Great
Society”, included civil rights, health care for elderly,
programs to combat poverty &
federal
assistance
for education.
White Board

What other examples in history are like Mc
McCarthyism?
Civil Rights 1950’s 60’s



Supreme Court ruled that racial
segregation in public schools was
illegal. (Brown V Board of Education
African Americans in the south,
boycotted segregated buses (Rosa
Parks), restaurants & public places.
In 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.
led a peaceful civil rights march on
Washington D.C. “I have a dream.”
 passive
Gandhi.
disobedience practiced by
Civil Rights Laws


Civil Rights Act in 1964
legally ended segregation &
discrimination in workplace &
public places.
Voting Rights Act in 1965
removed voting barriers vs.
minorities in south.
Discuss

How has the civil rights movement changed your
life?
Assassination that Rock the Nations


King’s assassination in 1968 sparked a hundred
riots throughout U.S., which in turn led to “white
backlash.”
Robert Kennedy (brother of JFK), was for civil rights
and against Vietnam War.
 assassinated
two months after King.
Protests



In summer of 1965, high unemployment
led to race riots in which 34 people were
killed & buildings were torched in of L.A.
1970, four students killed at Kent State
University by National Guard during antiwar protest.
Combination of riots and anti-war
demonstrations caused many to call for
“law & order.” Politics began to shift to
political right w. election of Republican
Richard Nixon.
Women



women traditional roles of homemakers - “baby
boom” 40s and 50’s.
Late 1950’s Married women returned to workforce.
However, women earned less
By late 60s, women’s liberation movement. Equal
rights
 Simone
de Beauvior The Second Sex, male-dominated
societies treated women as second-class citizens
13.1 The End of the Cold War


“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” (Pres. Ronald
Reagan in Berlin, 1988.)
Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev responded,
“There is a great thirst for mutual understanding and
mutual communication in the world."
Brezhnev1964-1982 (after Krushcev)

The Brezhnev Doctrine -S.U. had the right to
intervene if communism was threatened in
other communist state.
White Board

What policy does the same thing but from the Anti
Communist perspective
Détente 1970’s




more relaxed atmosphere
improved relations between
U.S. & S.U.
two equal in nuclear
weaponry
S.U. allowed more access to
Western literature and culture,
allowed for U. S. grain &
consumer goods to be sold in
S. U.
Discuss

What is the
meaning of the
political cartoon
Soviet Afghan War 1979-1989


détente setback when S. U. invaded Afghanistan in
1979.
Soviets wanted a pro-Soviet regime but U. S. viewed
as Soviet expansionism.
 protest,
Pres. Jimmy Carter cancelled US participation in
the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.
 placed an embargo on shipment of grain to S. U.
Cold War got even “chillier” 80’s


Reagan called the S. U. an “evil empire.”
Reagan began military buildup, starting a new
arms race.
 military

aid to rebels in Afghanistan.
By 1980, S. U. was facing serious problems of: poor
economy, rise in infant mortality, surge in alcoholism
& poor working conditions.
White Board

What war can this be compared to and why
Reformer Gorbachev
Reformers within Communist party
wanted to address these issues,
including Mikhail Gorbachev.
 “perestroika” (restructuring Soviet
economy with free enterprise) and
 “glasnost”(“openness” within S. U. and
with rest of world.)

New Soviet Gov


Gorbachev established a new Soviet parliament w.
elected members, the Congress of People’s Deputies
(met in 1989, first time since 1918!)
White Board

Which of the three programs do you feel will help
the country most and why?
Berlin Wall


E. Germany leader, Erich
Honecker refused to remove wall.
East Germans either fled the
country or protested.
 Honecker
step down.
Wall Falls



A new East German govt. opened the
wall on Nov. 9, 1989 to allow citizens
to travel freely between West and
Berliners began tearing down the
hated Cold War symbol.
Huge celebrations broke out
throughout Germany. W & E Germany
were reunited 1990,
 Berlin
again as its capital.
White Board


Which leader could have sent in troops to stop this?
Name one past leader that probably would not of
allowed this to happen.
The end is Near





In 1987, Gorbachev & Reagan reached an
agreement on the I.N.F. (Intermediate Nuclear
Forces) Treaty
( treaty to reduce # of nuclear)
In 1990, Gorbachev - non-communist parties could
organize.
He abolished the constitutional provision -Communist
Party was to have a “leading role” in govt.
1990 Gorbachev became the Soviet Union’s first
president (and its last!)
White Board

List Communist Bloc Nations that ended communism.
USSR can’t Support communist bloc
nations


U.S.S.R. wanted to focus resources on social &
economic change rather than spending so much on
weapons. U.S. wanted to reduce national debt (had
become world’s biggest debtor nation, rather than a
creditor nation.)
Gorbachev stopped giving military support to
Communist govts.
White Board

What impact does the USSR not giving military
support to communist bloc nations
The Fall of
Communist East


In 1989, a peaceful anticommunist revolutionary
movement swept through
E. Europe.
The reunification of E. &
W. Germany in 1990,
became a powerful
symbol of the end of the
Cold War.
USSR BREAKS UP


S. U. kept ethnic tensions contained
between the 92 different nationalities.
nationalist movements emerged in 15
republics of the U.S.S.R.


Possible breakup of S.U. worried hard-line
Communists, who attempted a coup in Aug. of 1991
and had Gorbachev arrested.
The coup failed when Boris Yeltsin, president of the
Russian Republic and Russian Citizens resisted
communist rebels
White Board

Which of the former ussr states ran the country?
Cold War Over



Soviet Union ceased to exist as of Dec, 1991.
Gorbachev resigned power to Yeltsin.
Cold War, had ended! All 15 republics became
independent nations, with Russia as the largest.
Yeltsin became first freely elected, non-communist
leader of Russia, who was committed to creating a
prosperous free-market economy.
Russia faced economic hardships




social disorder left over from the years of
communist rule.
Rise in organized crime also created problems of
corruption and lawlessness.
Chechnya, a province in southern Russia demanded
independence. Yeltsin used force to keep Chechnya
in Russia.
tried to keep E. European states from N.A.T.O.,
Vladimir Putin


former K.G.B. officer, was elected president of
Russia in 2000.
He kept tight control of govt.,but was also very
popular among citizens

Putin -Chechnya, vowing to return breakaway
province to Russian authority.



As more Russian troops were sent, rebels became more radical
and religious motives became more important(radical Islam and
terrorism.)
Criticism of Putin’s hard-line position & state-controlled of
media, led Putin to crack down on the media.
In 2004, Putin proposed that regional leaders be
appointed, rather than popularly elected!