Vocab terms you should know:
Synthesize Gene expression
Homeostasis Correlation
Polypeptide
Monomer
Complementary
Conversion
Polymer
Semi-permeable
Solvent
Saccharide
Solute
Homologous

• Cell Membrane
• Chloroplast
• Mitochondria
• Nucleus
• Ribosome
• Golgi apparatus
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Vacuole
• Lysosome

• Elements: C, H, O
• Monomer: monosaccharides
• Polymer: polysaccharides
• Function:
– Energy storage
– Identification on surface of cell membrane
Glucose

Lipids
• Elements: C, H, some O
• Subunits: glycerol + fatty acids
• Function:
– Long term energy storage
– Main part of cell membrane
• hydrophobic
Phospholipid

• Elements: C, H, O, N
Proteins
• Monomer: amino acids
• Polymer: polypeptide (protein)
• Function:
– Make reactions and cell processes happen
– Build bones and muscle
– fight disease

Nucleic Acids
• Elements: C, H, O, N, P
• Monomer: nucleotides
• Polymer: DNA or RNA
• Function:
- Carry genetic info
Nucleotides
Pyrimidines (DNA)
Purines (DNA)

ADP and ATP (Electron Carriers)
ATP
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Partially charged battery
Energy
Energy
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Fully charged battery

Section 8-3
Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Chloroplast
Water CO
2
NADP +
ADP + P
Light-
Dependent
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Calvin
Cycle
Sugars
O
2
Chloroplast

Section 9-1
Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An
Overview
Glucose
Glycolysis
Electrons carried in NADH
Pyruvic acid
Krebs
Cycle
Electrons carried in
NADH and
FADH
2
Electron
Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm

Section 9-2
Glucose
(C
6
H
+
12
0
6
)
Oxygen
(0
2
)
Glycolysis
Flowchart
Cellular Respiration
Krebs
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Carbon
Dioxide
(CO
2
)
+
Water
(H
2
O)

Comparing Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
• Cellular Respiration
6O2 + C
6
H
12
O
6
→ 6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + Energy
• Photosynthesis
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + light→C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2

Structure of the Cell Membrane
Outside of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate chains
Lipid
Bilayer
Transport
Protein
Phospholipids
Inside of cell
(cytoplasm )
Go to
Section:

Homeostasis
 Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal state within an organism in our bodies are:
. Examples of homeostasis
 Regulation of water content
 Regulation of body temperature
 Regulation of blood glucose levels

Types of Cellular Transport
• Passive Transport cell doesn’t use energy
1. Diffusion
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis
• Active Transport cell does use energy
1. Protein Pumps
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis high high
Weeee!!!
low
This is gonna be hard work!!
low

Passive Transport:
1. Diffusion
1. Diffusion: random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
(High to Low)
• Diffusion continues until all molecules are evenly spaced
( equilibrium is reached)-Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out.
Simple Diffusion
Animation http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm

Passive Transport:
2. Facilitated Diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion : diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane a. Transport Proteins are specific – they “select” only certain molecules to cross the membrane b.Transports larger or charged molecules
A
Facilitated diffusion
(Channel
Protein)
B
Diffusion
(Lipid
Bilayer)
• http://bio.winona.edu/berg/Free.htm
Carrier Protein

Passive Transport:
3. Osmosis
• 3.Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
• Water moves from high to low concentrations
Osmosis animation
•Water moves freely through pores.
•Solute (green) to large to move across.

Sodium
Potassium Pumps
(Active Transport using proteins)
1. Protein Pumps transport proteins that require energy to do work
•Example: Sodium /
Potassium Pumps are important in nerve responses.
Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!

What type of solution are these cells in
?
A B C
Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic

• Location:
– in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
– In the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
• Structure:
– Double stranded (double helix)
– Composed of 3 part nucleotides :
• Deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)
• Phosphate group (PO
4
)
• Note: The two alternate S-P-S-P with the nitrogen bases always lined up on the Sugars (deoxyribose)
• Nitrogen base (1 of 4)
– Adenine (A) – purine
– Guanine (G) - purine
– Thymine (T) – pyrimidine
– Cytosine (C) - pyrimidine

Can you write the corresponding
Nitrogen Base?
1. GAC TAT ATT GAC ATT GAG CCC TTA
2. ATA GAG CAC GCA TAT CCG AGT TAT

• Location:
– In the nucleus
– Cytoplasm
– Ribosome
• Structure:
– Single Strand
– Nucleotides composed of:
• Ribose (5-carbon sugar)
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen bases:
– Adenine (A)
– Guanine (G)
– Cytosine (C)
– Uracil (U)
– RNA does not contain thymine but has uracil

Gene Mutations
• Produce changes in a single cell.
• Types:
– Point mutations – involves changes in one or a few nucleotides and occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
• Substitutions – one base is changed to another; only affects a single amino acid.
• Insertions & Deletions – a base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence; much more dramatic because the genetic code is read in 3-base codons.
– Frameshift mutations – the shifting of codons & the
“ reading frame ” which may change every amino acid that follows the point of the mutation. It can alter a protein so much that it is unable to perform its normal functions.

G
0

Daughter cell=
2n
(diploid)
Parent Cell=2n
(diploid)
Daughter cell=
2n
(diploid)

Parent Cell: diploid= 2n
After Meiosis I
After
Meiosis II
Daughter Cells:
Haploid= n ; and all genetically different from each other and parent cell

18. Which of these best represents a fatty acid molecule?

1/21 Organic Compounds
20. Based on the results of a series of experiments, Joshua created the table to summarize some of the characteristics of the chemicals needed for life.
From this information, it can be inferred that nucleic acids ___.
A. are larger molecules than proteins.
B. are necessary for a cell to make proteins from amino acids.
C. do not mix with water.
D. can be used by cells as an energy source.

1/23 Organic Compounds
21. What term best completes this analogy?
Nucleotide is to nucleic acid as ______ is to protein.
A. DNA
B. Glycerol
C. Amino acid
D. Carbohydrate

1/23 Organic Compounds
22. Which structural formula represents a polysaccharide?
A.
1
C.
4
B.
2
D.
5

1/27 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
28. The energy used to obtain, transfer, and transport materials within an organism comes directly from
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. Sunlight
D. starch

1/27 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration
30. Which of the following correctly describes how a diagram of cellular respiration would differ from a diagram of photosynthesis?
F The cellular-respiration diagram would show electromagnetic waves as the final product.
G The cellular-respiration diagram would show glucose as the main source of energy.
H The cellular-respiration diagram would show energy stored in large protein molecules.
J The cellular-respiration diagram would show water as the main source of chemical energy.

31.
1/29 Photosynthesis & Cellular
Respiration

1/31 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis

1/31 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
39. During the process of transcription, the strand of messenger RNA shown below is produced.
mRNA AACUUAGGACAU
What was the original DNA template that produced this strand?
A TTCTTAGGACAT
B UUGTTUCCUGUT
C UUGAAUCCUGUA
D TTGAATCCTGTA

2/5 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
47. A codon chart is shown below.
Which of these changes to the DNA triplet 3’ GCT 5’ will affect the protein produced?
A GTT C TCC
B TCT D GCA

2/5 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
49. How does DNA in cells determine an organism’s complex traits?
A DNA contains codes for proteins, which are necessary for the growth and functioning of an organism.
B DNA separates into long single strands that make up each part of an organism.
C DNA produces the energy an organism needs in order to grow.
D DNA folds into the nucleus of each of the cells of an organism.

2/7 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
51. The main function of this process is to
A provide an exact copy of the genetic code
B ensure genetic variation in a species
C synthesize cellular proteins
D produce antibodies to combat disease

2/7 Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
52. What does gene expression control?
A the proteins that are made by the cell
B the rate at which DNA replication occurs
C the duration between cell cycles
D the division of the cell nucleus

2/11 Cell Reproduction
55. Part of a process necessary for reproduction in complex organisms is represented
Step C results in the production of
A. four zygotes that will develop into embryos
B. embryonic cells that could unite and develop into an organism
C. four cells that will recombine to form two offspring
D. gametes that could be involved in the formation of a zygote

56. Which sequence best represents sexual reproduction?
A. mitosis → gametes → zygote → fertilization
B. gametes →meiosis →mitosis →fertilization
C. fertilization → gametes → meiosis → zygote
D. meiosis → gametes → fertilization → zygote

59. Which of these statements best explains why meiosis is important for sexual reproduction?
A By involving two cell divisions, meiosis ensures that offspring receive half their genetic information from each parent.
B By involving a single cell division, meiosis ensures that offspring are genetically identical to each other and to the parents.
C Meiosis occurs in those cells that have already undergone
DNA replication.
D During meiosis, sister chromatids, which are genetically different from each other, line up along the center of the cell, and then separate into two cells.

60. The diagram to the right represents the cell cycle.
When cells leave the cell cycle, they exit during G
1 phase and then enter G
0 phase, a resting period. Most normal cells can leave G
0 phase and reenter the cell cycle at G
1 phase before entering S phase. Cancer cells are different because they cannot enter G
0 phase and are likely to do which of the following?
A Fail to complete S phase
B Mutate during G
1 phase
C Repeat the cell cycle continuously
D Die after completing mitosis 1

2/13 Cell Reproduction
61. The diagram below shows four stages of a cell undergoing mitosis.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages as they occur in the cell cycle?
A 1, 3, 4, 2
B 2, 1, 3, 4
C 2, 4, 3, 1
D 4, 3, 2, 1

64. Which of these must occur during S phase of the cell cycle so that two daughter cells can be produced during M phase?
A The DNA must be replicated.
B The chromosomes must be joined.
C The cytoplasm must be separated.
D The cell membrane must be expanded.