General Biology (BIO 10)
MWF 11:00 – 11:50
Exam 1
Study Guide
Exam Format:
50 (2 pts each) multiple choice questions + 10 extra credit (1 pt each) multiple choice questions.
Study Hints:
Read through each chapter carefully.
Review your notes and fill out any parts that you missed.
Make sure to get a copy of someone’s notes for any days you missed.
Study vocabulary so that you can recognize words used in context.
Make sure that you understand the concepts that we discussed.
Chapter 1:
What is a kingdom? What 6 kingdoms are recognized in Biology?
What are the properties of life?
Be able to recognize the various levels of the organization of life.
Unifying themes: evolution, flow of energy, cooperation, structure determines function,
homeostasis.
Inductive vs. deductive reasoning.
Review the scientific method, especially controls, hypotheses, theories.
Chapter 2:
Anatomy & basic properties of an atom
Ions & Isotopes
C14 dating
Oxidation & reduction
Different types of bonds (ionic, covalent, hydrogen, peptide)
Important characteristics of water
pH scale & Buffers
Chapter 3:
Macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids & their building blocks)
Polymers & Monomers
Carbohydrates – simple sugars
Proteins – amino acids
Levels of protein structure
Nucleic acids – nucleotides
Lipids – fatty acids
Glucose polymers glycogen & starch
Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
Chapter 4:
Basic cell & organelle structure – functions of different organelles
What is an organelle?
Cell Theory
Fluid Mosaic model of membrane structure
Phospholipids
Origin of mitochondria & chloroplasts
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Cilia & flagella
Transport across membranes (diffusion [simple & facilitated], osmosis, active transport)
Endocytosis & exocytosis
Chapter 5:
Potential and kinetic energy
1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
Entropy
Activation energy
Catalysis & enzymes
Enzyme function
Factors that affect enzyme function
How cells regulate Enzyme function
ATP structure & function
Chapter 6:
Photosynthesis know the 2 parts of the light reaction & the Calvin cycle – main purpose of each
Where does photosynthesis occur? In which cells? In which organelle?
Parts of a chloroplast
Reactants & products of photosynthesis (equation)
Photons
Photosystems I and II
Chemiosmosis (know how it works & that it is important in photosynthesis & cellular resp.)
Photorespiration
C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis
Chapter 7:
Reactants & products of cellular respiration (equation)
Know the parts of cellular respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain) Where
does each occur?
Function of cellular respiration
When is oxygen necessary?
Electron carrier molecules (like NAD+ and FADH+)
How many ATP from Glycolysis, Krebs & electron transport chain? How NADH & FADH2?
All cells can use glycolysis.
Fermentation – in absence of oxygen fermentation resets NADH to NAD+ so glycolysis
continues
Chapter 8:
Cell cycle basics (Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (PMAT), & Cytokinesis)
Mitosis what happens during each phase of mitosis?
When is DNA duplicated in mitosis & meiosis?
What is a chromosome?
Centromere
Sister chromatids
Homologous Chromosomes
Chapter 9:
In meiosis, when do homologous chromosomes separate?
When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis?
Know what happens in meiosis I vs. meiosis II
Synapsis & Crossing over (Prophase I)
Independent assortment (Metaphase I)
Diploid vs. haploid
What processes increase genetic diversity?
Chapter 10:
Heredity
Dominant vs. recessive traits
Genes & Alleles
Homozygous (true-breeding) vs. Heterozygous
Genotype vs. phenotype
Ratios 3:1 and 1:2:1
Know how to use a Punnett square for one trait (Pp x Pp)
Incomplete dominance & Codominance
Continuous variation
Pleiotropic effects
Environmental effects
Epistasis
What is a testcross for?
Mendel’s laws (segregation & independent assortment)
ABO blood types (phenotypes A, B, O, AB & genotypes OO, AO, AA, AB, BB, BO)
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Pedigrees
Chapter 11:
Structure of DNA
Nucleotides & their structure (phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base)
Nucleotide bases adenine guanine cytosine & thymine – which pairs with which?
Complementary strands of DNA – be able to match a strand to its complement. (ATGGCCA - ?)
Basics of DNA replication
DNA Polymerase
Mutations
Chapter 12:
Mechanism of gene expression – central dogma
mRNA, tRNA
Codons & anticodons
Function of transcription & translation and where each occurs in the cell
RNA polymerase
Genetic code (be able to read chart) – universal
Regulating gene expression