Sustainable farming

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Wheat Farming
Introduction
Introduction
Examples -Canadian prairies 加拿大溫帶草原
-USA prairies 美國溫帶草原
-Murray Basin in Australia 澳洲墨累河盆
-Pampas in Argentina 阿根廷南美大草原
-Ukaine 烏克蘭
-North China Plain 華北平原
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Introduction
Distribution of wheat farming
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Introduction
1. Relief
2. Climate
Flat to undulating
Temperate continental climate
3. Thermal input
4. Rainfall
5. Drainage
Moderate, around 20’C
Low to moderate, 500-750mm
Well - drained
6.Life cycle
7. Soil
Short, about 3-4 months
Rich grassland soil ( e.g. chernozem
黑鈣土, prairie soil 溫帶草原土)
8. Farm site
Far away from urban areas
9. Farm size
Large
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Introduction
13. Land value
14. Land use intensity
15. Type of farm
produce
16. Source of labour
17. Labour cost
Low
Low
Wheat (a more durable crop)
Cereal (staple food crop)
From family, employed workers
High
18. Level of
mechanization
High, large-scale
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Introduction
19. Input of electricity
20. Capital input
High ( fuels, petrol )
Large
21. Market
22. Transport linkage
23. Settlement pattern
Local and international
By lorry, railway, ship
Scattered
24. Soil conservation
Windbreaks, rotation, fallowing
25. Degree of
modification
Moderate
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Ecological changes and impact
1. Flooding
Flooding due to
Impact
- Occasional extreme
weather conditions
- Global warming
- Snow melting
- Widespread
deforestation
- Uprooting and destruction of crops
- Excessively prolonged water logging
- Rotting of seedlings
- Weeds and pests occur
- damage of farmhouses and
infrastructure
- Alluvium deposited increases soil
fertility
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
2. El Nino & La Nina
El Nino & La Nina Impact
- More frequent and larger scale of
climatic hazard
- destruction of crop, farmhouse,
machine and infrastructure
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
3. Drought
Drought due to
Impact
- Insufficient rainfall
- strong wind
- drought-prone
areas (monsoon
areas, continental
interior)
- overcultivation
- Inadequate water for irrigation
Introduction
Ecological
- Crop failure
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
4. Global warming
Global warming
Impact
Heat is trapped by
green house gases
-Uncertain change of micro-climate
- Pests and weeds increase
(carbon dioxide,
CFCs, methane,
nitrous oxide)
Introduction
Ecological
- Concentrated carbon dioxide
increases crop production
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
5. Tornados & typhoon
Tornados & typhoon
Impact
- Uprooting of crops
- Physical damage of crops
- Damage of machines,
farmhouses and infrastructure
- Crop failure
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
6. Frost and hail
Frost and hail
Impact
-Physical damage of crops
- Less frost – free day
- Shorter growing season
- Crop failure
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
7. Soil erosion
Soil erosion due to
Impact
- Overcultivation
- Deforestation
- Drought
- Strong wind
- Decreases soil fertility
- Decreases growing capacity
- Crop failure
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Case study – Canadian Prairies
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Case study – Canadian Prairies
Favorable physical characteristics :
1) Long, sunny, summer days
2) Winter frosts help to break up the soil
3) The chinook wind (千諾風) melts the snow in spring
helps to extend the growing season.
4) Relief is gently undulating (machinery and transport)
5) Decayed vegetation gives chernozem (黑鈣土) and
prairie soil (溫帶草原土)
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Case study – Canadian Prairies
Unfavorable physical characteristics :
1) In the north, growing season is short
( falls below the minimum requirement of 90 days )
2) Precipitation is low, about 500mm
3) In summer, hail and tornados ruin the crop and
droughts occur periodically
4) In winter, snows come as blizzards (暴風雪)
5) Removal of vegetation leads to erosion by wind
and convectional rainstorms
Introduction
Ecological Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Economic considerations
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
1. High investment cost
High investment - Require high level of technology,
modernized machinery
cost
- Routine care against pests
- Land preparation (use of fertilizer)
Capital affects the scale of farming
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
2. High management fee
High management
fee
Farm size is very large, computer
is used for management
High management fee
Cost of production increased
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
3. High wage rate & labour shortage
High wage rate &
Labour shortage
- People is not willing to work in
farm
- Rural – urban migration
- Require skillful and educated
workers and technicians
Rely more on machine, labour
force is partly replaced
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
4. High maintenance fee
High maintenance High level of machinery (e.g.
combine harvesters, sprinkles)
fee
Maintenance fee and electricity fee
is high
Increases cost of production
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
5.Land use competition
Land use
competition
Urbanization
More demand of land for urban
development
Bid up land rent
More tertiary and secondary land use
Less land for farming
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
6. Change from local to world market
Expanded Improved technology
and transportation
market
(huge elevators, railway)
International
Trading Organization
(WTO, EU)
Better connection of farmers and market
Market expanded
Demand increased
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
7.Change of taste
Change MDCs sent surplus Increased living standard
of taste wheat to LDCs as aid
More food variety and choice
Taste changed and demand fluctuated
Farmers pay more attention of
future market projection
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
8. Diversification of wheat
Diversification Technology advancement
of wheat
More types of wheat
e.g. Durum (杜蘭)  pasta
Buckwheat (蕎麥)  bread
Farmers consider different types of
wheat
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
8. Diversification of wheat
Durum杜蘭
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
8. Diversification of wheat
Buckwheat 蕎麥
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Traditional wheat
Human modification
Sustainable farming
9. Government policy
Government Subsidies, protective tariff, government
purchase of surplus grain, improves
policy
infrastructure
Production cost decreases,
Greater incentives of farming
Farmers may expand their farm
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Human modification
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
1. Mechanization
Mechanization
Problem solved
-water pumps
-sprinklers
-tractors
-combine harvesters
-help in farm procedures (ploughing,
sowing, spraying of fertilizers, irrigation,
harvesting)
-help in handling, storage, packing and
delivery of farm produce
-increase labour productivity, farm yield
and efficiency
-reduce the problem of labour shortage
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
1. Mechanization
Mill separating wheat
into flour, bran and germ
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
1. Mechanization
Ploughing
Harvesting
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
1. Mechanization
A drill is used to put grain seeds
into the ground
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
1. Mechanization
A disk is used to mix and firm
the top 6-8 inches of soil
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
1. Mechanization
Grain bin is a place where grain is
protected from pests attack, rainfall
and other damaging wheather
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
1. Mechanization
Problem aroused
-soil is compacted by heavy machines. infiltration decreases
and surface runoff increases, leading to soil erosion and
flooding
-require fossil fuels, which may pollute the environment
-large fields are needed, so often trees around fields are cut
down (loss of habitat for birds and wild animals)
-soil is more easily blown or washed away after cutting down
of trees
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
2. Irrigation
Irrigation Problem solved
-control the availability, quantity, time and
reliability of water supply
-lengthen growing season
-the problem of periodic drought is solved
-quality and productivity are increased
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
2. Irrigation
Problem aroused
-excessive irrigation water
-water logging
-salinization
-increase the number of pests and weeds
-overpumping of ground water  salt-water invasion
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
3. Use of fertilizers
Fertilizers
Problem solved
-superphosphates
in Australia
-nitrogen
-phosphorus
-potassium
-enrich the soil
-crop yield is raised and ensured
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
3. Use of fertilizers
Chart showing the amount of different fertilizer used
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
3. Use of fertilizers
Problem aroused
--crops become more vulnerable to pest attack
-encourage eutrophication of stream(富養化) algal bloom
-contaminate water supplies
-increase in DO(dissolved oxygen 溶解氧) demand and
depletion of DO
-pollute the habitat of birds and animals
-food poisoning
-creation of super species
-nitrous oxides green house effect
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
3. Use of pesticides and weedicides
Pesticides & Problem solved
weedicides
-minimize nutrient loss
-eliminate weeds which drain away nutrients
-reduce loss caused by pests attack
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
3. Use of pesticides and weedicides
Wheat sawfly
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
3. Use of pesticides and weedicides
Russian wheat aphid
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
3. Use of pesticides and weedicides
Problem aroused
-food poisoning
-poison the food chain
-pollute the habitat of birds and wild animals
-pollution of water and air (sprayed by plane)
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
4. Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Problem solved
-Cross-breeding of
plants and animals
-genetic enginneering
and modifications
-more rapid growth
-disease resistance
-temperature resistance
-more efficient fertilizer use
-reduced pesticide use
-less environmental pollution by
chemicals
-greater yields
-more nutritious composition
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
4. Biotechnology
Fertilizer consumption is decreasing due to
biotechnology and other improved farmiing method
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
4. Biotechnology
Problem aroused
-unpredictable and uncontrollable consequences to ecosystem
-undermines the Earth’s biodiversity
-creation of super species
-food webs are simplified
-fast-growing species  less humus(腐殖質) from litter
decomposition  soil erosion
-ecosystems become unstable
-crops are not tested for toxicity before marketing
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
5.Seed selection
Seed selection
Problem solved
-new strains of plant
(drought-resistant
wheat, hybrids 雜交
小麥, high-yielding
varieties of wheat
HYV )
-healthier seeds
-more efficient use of sunlight
-faster growth, quick-maturing
-drought-resistant
-temperature-resistant
-disease-resistant
-pest-resistant
-higher yield per hectare
-less input of pesticides (less pollution)
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
5. Seed selection
Problem aroused
-may lead to over-cultivation
-unpredictable and uncontrollable ecological consequences
-loss of biodiversity
-may lead to extinction of some species
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
5. Seed selection
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
6.Expand into marginal land
Expand into
marginal land
Problem solved
-more land for farming
-reduce the problem of land competition
-slow down the bid up of land price
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
6. Expand into marginal land
Problem aroused
-the growing capacity of marginal land is often low
-require more irrigation, machinery, chemical fertilizers,
pesticides and weedicides
-overcultivation  soil exhaustion and erosion
-loss of swamps, pastures and forests
-habitat of wildlife is damaged
Introduction
Ecological
Economic
Human modification
Sustainable farming
Human modification – sustainable farming method
Introduction
Ecological
Economic Human modification
Sustainable farming
1.Organic farming
Organic farming
Organic way to
improve soil
Introduction
Ecological
Benefits
-use biological sources for plant nutrients
-green manure and organic matter
(animal waste) is added to the soil to
improve soil
structure, enhance fertility, increase
water storage capacity
-grow leguminous plants (豆科作物) to
add nitrogen to the soil
-e.g. mulch護根層, ash from plants
Economic Human modification
Sustainable farming
1.Organic farming
Organic farming
Organic way to
protect crops
Introduction
Ecological
Benefits
-biological control of pests is used
(using natural predators 捕獵者)
-mechanical control of pests
(netthing 網屋, changing planting times
and patterns )
Economic Human modification
Sustainable farming
2.Crop rotation
Crop rotation
Benefits
-efficient nutrient cycling
-reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers and
pesticides
-increase soil fertility
Introduction
Ecological
Economic Human modification
Sustainable farming
2.Crop rotation
Chart showing less nutrient leakage for crop rotation
Introduction
Ecological
Economic Human modification
Sustainable farming
3.Windbreaks
Windbreaks
Benefits
-reduce wind speed
-retain exposed soil particles
-eliminate the damaging and desiccating
(乾化) effects on plant growth
-increase infiltration, reduce surface runoff
Introduction
Ecological
Economic Human modification
Sustainable farming
3.Windbreaks
Wind break
Introduction
Ecological
Economic Human modification
Sustainable farming
4. Contour ploughing
Contour ploughing
Benefits
-control land-gradient
-reduce soil erosion
Introduction
Ecological
Economic Human modification
Sustainable farming
Thank you
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