The Beginnings of Industrialization
• Industrial Revolution- Great increase in machine
production that began in England in the 18th
century
• Enclosure- Large closed-in field for farming
• Crop Rotation- Planting a different crop in a
different field each year
• Industrialization- Process of developing machine
production of goods
• Factors of Production- conditions needed to
produce goods and services
• Factory- building where goods are made
• Entrepreneur- Person who organizes, manages,
and takes on the financial risk of business
enterprise
Background
• Greatly increased output of machine made
goods that began in England during the 18th
century.
• Wealthy landowners bought up land where
small farmers worked
– Dramatically improved farming methods
– “Agricultural” Revolution
– Led to Industrial Rvolution
Agricultural Revolution
• Wealthy landowners enclosed their land with
hedges or fences
– Experimented with new farming methods
– Forced smaller farmers to move to the cities
Jethro Tull – Seed Drill
placed seeds at specific depths
straight rows
more seeds germinated
Crop Rotation
• Improved upon older methods of farming
• Replenish nutrients depleted by previous
corps
– Wheat to turnips to barley to clover
Why did it start in Britain?
• Large population of workers
• Natural resources
– Water power and coal to fuel new machines
– Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and
buildings
– Rivers for inland transportation
– Harbors for merchant ships
Why Britain?
• Expanding economy could support
industrialization
• Banking systems allowed business
development
• Political Stability
• FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
– Land, Labor, and Capital (wealth)
Inventions Spur Advances
TEXTILES (Cloth / Fabric)
• 1733 – John Kay – Flying Shuttle
• 1764 – James Hargreaves – Flying Jenny
• 1769 – Richard Arkwright – Water Frame
• 1779 – Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule
• 1787 – Edmund Cartwright – Power Loom
• 1793 – Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin
Other Advancements
• James Watt – improved the steam engine
1764
• Robert Fulton – Steam driven boat Clermont
• “Macadam Road”
• Expansion of Rail System