NATIONALISM AND
SECTIONALISM
Chapter 3, Sections 1 and 2
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

Most of the transportation at the turn of the
nineteenth century relied on water. However, with
the push of the United States westward, access to
waterways was not always possible.
To cut down the cost of overland travel, states looked to build
turnpikes, or toll roads. These often did not cut down costs or
yield much profit for states, though.
 The one decent road was funded by the federal government: the
National Road.


The first major transportation innovation was the
steamboat, designed by Robert Fulton in 1807.

Steamboats cut travel time for goods and boosted development
around the Mississippi River.
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

Canals, or waterways that are used for
transportation of goods and people, developed
primarily in the northeast.


The most notable canal built at the time was the Erie Canal,
which connected Lake Erie with the Hudson River in New York.
 Because of the canal, New York City emerged as a large
commercial trading center and the population exploded.
In the 1820s, railroads made their way across the
Atlantic from Great Britain. The benefits to
railroads included:
Cost less to build
 Travel over hills more easily

TECHNOLOGY SPARKS INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
The transportation explosion became known as the
Industrial Revolution and had originated in Europe.
 Samuel Slater created the first water-powered textile
mill that produced thread. These mills often employed
the family system, in which the whole family worked in
the mill and lived in factory-owned villages nearby.
 Another merchant, Francis Cabot Lowell, opened a
mill in which the full production of cloth was
undertaken, not just thread.



The workers in these mills became known as Lowell girls. These
workers were young girls from local farms. They lived together in
supervised boardinghouses at the mill.
Factories changed both the speed and level of training
needed by workers. Not only did productivity increase,
but owners could hire workers with less skill for lower
wages.
INVENTIONS TRANSFORM INDUSTRY AND
AGRICULTURE

The Industrial Revolution would not have
happened without the invention of several key
elements.

Interchangeable parts, invented by Eli Whitney made it
easier for manufacturers to replace parts when they broke.
Communication also improved during the 1800s
when Samuel F.B. Morse invented the telegraph
in 1837. The telegraph used a series of dots and
dashes to communicate messages; it became known
as Morse code. This made communication almost
instantaneous.
 While factories grew, agriculture remained the
largest industry in the U.S. Farmers could now
produce more and sell it faster due to improved
transportation. Identify below major technological
advancements that impacted farming:



Steel plow John Deere
Mechanical reaper Cyrus McCormick
THE NORTH EMBRACES INDUSTRY

The United States was quickly becoming a nation
based on factories and not on farming as the
Democratic-Republicans had hoped.
American factories boomed in response to the Embargo Act of
1807.
 After the War of 1812, though, British goods flowed back into the
United States and Congress passed the Tariff of 1816 to protect
American industry.
 This tariff increased prices 20-25%.


The northeast was a prime location for factories
because of access to waterways and financial
capital.
SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE NORTH


The declining cost of labor hurt artisans, or skilled
workers, especially. Labor unions formed to argue
collectively for the rights of workers to better pay
and conditions.
Industrialization led to the emergence of a middle
class. Managerial positions were separated from
common laborers in terms of wages.

Neighborhoods became segregated by race as the middle
class moved to gain more space, and women now stayed
home to take care of the family in these families.
SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE NORTH

During the 1840s, the number of immigrants
coming to the United States skyrocketed.
These individuals came primarily from which
two countries? Ireland and Germany


Identify the similarities between these groups:
 Why they came: religious persecution, political
upheaval, economic depression
 Religions: Catholic and Jewish
 Where they settled: mainly in major cities like
Chicago, NYC and Detroit.
Individuals that supported the restriction of
immigration were known as nativists.
SOUTHERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY AND
SOCIETY

Three developments in the Deep South boosted
cotton production and earned it the name
“King Cotton”—the cotton gin, westward
expansion and industrialization.
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. It separated
the cotton seeds from the more valuable fiber.
 As the cotton industry spread to states such as Tennessee,
Florida and Alabama, farmers found both fertile soil and a
warmer climate for growing cotton.
 As industries in the North grew, so did the demand for
cotton.


Even though the slave trade had been
abolished in 1808, the production of cotton
increased the demand for workers.
SOUTHERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY AND
SOCIETY
The reliance on “King Cotton” brought both economic and
cultural consequences to the South. Identify them below:
Economic

Cultural
Limited regional development 
White illiteracy rate was at
15%, 3x higher than in the

Planters went bankrupt when
North.
cotton prices decreased.


Slavery was seen as morally
No urban growth to promote
okay in comparison to the
factories.
conditions of the North.
White men could also earn

Southern population lagged
behind the North’s
relatively equal wages.