The Kidney and Urinary System Kidney Roles • • • Kidneys remove waste from the blood, maintain blood pH and regulate osmotic balance in the body. We have two of them because all of these are important jobs and constant! Also, if one fails, we have a backup. Water Loss • Humans’ water reserves are depleted faster than their food reserves. • We lose 2.0L of water a day in perspiration, urine and exhaled air. • This is under normal activity levels. Increase exercise and you increase the water lost. Water Loss 1% lost causes thirst, 5% lost will bring extreme pain and collapse, 10% lost will cause death! Waste Removal • The liver produces ammonia, urea and uric acid when it breaks down nitrogen containing compounds like protein and nucleotides. • All of these are toxic and need to be removed… the kidney is the right organ for this job. If you were unicellular… • Unicellular organisms use a contractile vacuole to expel waste from their cytoplasm… since you are not unicellular, like most complex animals, you have an excretory system. Human Kidney and Urinary System Simple Overview • The kidneys can have as much as 25% of the body’s blood at any given time. • Renal arteries are what pass blood to the kidneys. They have oxygen and glucose for the kidney and they are filled with toxic urea, ammonia and uric acid. Simple Overview • The renal veins return blood to your heart. • Blood in these veins has the right water and salt concentration and no urea as all of these would have been controlled by the kidneys. Simple Overview • Wastes are filtered from blood into the kidneys and sent to the bladder by the ureters. • The bladder has a urinary sphincter which acts as a valve and causes urine to stay put. Bladder Trouble??? • When the bladder has 200ml of urine accumulated it expands and stretch receptors send a signal to the brain that it is time to go urinate. • At 400ml the messages become more frequent. • At 600ml voluntary control is lost and the urinary sphincter opens, urine passes out of the body through the urethra and the bladder is voided. Kidney Parts • Kidneys have an outer layer of connective tissue called the cortex, which encircles the kidney and where the filtration of blood occurs. Kidney Parts • Kidneys have an inner layer under the cortex called the medulla where the salt and water content of urine are controlled. Kidney Parts • Under the medulla is the hollow chamber called the renal pelvis which connects the kidney with the ureter. This is where urine collects. The Nephron • The kidney has around one million small functional units inside of it called nephrons. Afferent Arterioles • The afferent arterioles supply blood to the nephrons from the renal artery. Glomerulus • The afferent arterioles end in a high pressure capillary bed called the glomerulus, which is the site of filtration. Efferent Arterioles • The glomerulus is not like a normal capillary bed as it does not transfer blood to a venule; instead blood exits the glomerulus into the efferent arterioles. • This ‘cleaner’, oxygenated blood will continue around the body. Peritubular Capillaries • The efferent arterioles lead to a network of peritubular capillaries (true capillaries) which surround the tubules of the nephron. • They are important in urine formation as they can give to or take ions away from the nephron. Bowman’s Capsule • The glomerulus is surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule. • Most of the fluid in the blood stream that reaches the glomerulus will pass into the Bowman’s capsule. • It, along with the afferent and efferent arterioles and the glomerulus are in the cortex of the kidney. Proximal Tubule • The Bowman’s capsule leads to a thin tubule called the proximal tubule. This is where glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, so it is not lost in the urine. Loop of Henle • Urine goes from the proximal tubule around the Loop of Henle, which descends into the medulla of the kidney. • The medulla cells around the Loop of Henle spend all their time pumping sodium ions out of the Loop of Henle in order to create a hypertonic medulla. Loop of Henle • This creates a water gradient and water leaves the Loop of Henle, where it is in high concentration and re-enters the bloodstream, where it is in low concentration. • Hence, the Loop of Henle is where water is reabsorbed. Distal Tubule • Urine (or filtrate) then moves through the distal tubule. This is an area where lots of salts (cations) are reabsorbed. Collecting Ducts • Then urine is moved to the collecting ducts, which collect urine from many nephrons and lead into the renal pelvis of the kidney and out through the ureters to the bladder. Homework p. 348 #1, 3, 5