Chapter 11
Physical Fitness and Activity
Assessment in Adults
Adult Fitness Testing
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reliability
Validity
Relevance
Objectivity
Normative Data
Feasibility
Table 11-1
Populations and Purposes of Physical Fitness Testing
Population
Youth
Adults
The aged
Healthrelated
Motor
*
*
*
*
Diagnosis
Military
preparation
Functional
Capacity
*
*
*
*
Special
Mentally
impaired
*
*
*
Physically
impaired
*
*
*
Athletes
The ill or
injured
*
*
*
Table 11-2
Health-Related Fitness Factors and Benefits
Factor
Benefits
Cardiovascular endurance
Reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease
Body composition
Reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease,
adult-onset diabetes, and cancer
Muscular strength, muscular Reduction in risk of low-back pain
endurance, and flexibility
Improved posture and functional capacity
Ability to conduct daily activities
Cardiovascular death rate
Figure 11.1
Relationship Between Cardiovascular Endurance and
Cardiovascular Death Rate
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Q4
Q3
Q2
Cardiovascular endurance quartile
Q1
Table 11-3
Major Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Family history
Father or brother: CVD < 55 yr
Mother or sister: CVD < 65 yr
Cigarette smoking
Current or recently quit
Hypertension
SBP > 140 or DBP > 90
Cholesterol
Total C > 200 mg/dl or
HDL < 35 mg/dl
Impaired fasting glucose
Fasting blood sugar > 110 mg/dl
Obesity
BMI > 30 or waist girth > 100 cm
Sedentary lifestyle/physical
inactivity
Not meeting Surgeon General’s guidelines
Table 11.3
Risk Classification
Low Risk
Men < 45 yr or women < 55 yr who are
asymptomatic and meet no more than one risk
factor threshold
Moderate Risk Men > 45 and women > 55 or individuals who
meet two or more of the risk factors
High Risk
Symptomatic or individuals with known
cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease
Measuring Aerobic Capacity
• Aerobic Capacity
• Laboratory
Maximal Tests
Submaximal Estimations
• Field Methods
Distance Runs
Step Tests
Rockport 1-Mile Walk Test
Predicting VO2max Without Exercise
Figure 11.4
Linear Relationships Among Oxygen Consumption,
Heart Rate, and Workload
Measuring Body Composition
• Body Composition
• Laboratory
Hydrostatic Weighing
Using Body Density
• Field Methods
Skinfolds
Body Mass Index
Distribution of Body Fat
Waist/Hip Girth Ratio
> 1.00 for males > risk
> 0.80 for females > risk
Waist Girth
> 102 cm (40 in) for males > risk
> 88 cm (35 in) for females > risk
What is your BMI?
Use Table 11-16 on pages 242 - 243
Underweight
< 18.5
Normal
18.5 – 24.9
Overweight
25.0 – 29.9
Obesity class I
30.0 – 34.9
Obesity class II
35.0 – 39.9
Extreme obesity
40.0 +
Harpenden® Skinfold Caliper
Lange Skinfold Caliper
Calculation of Lean Weight and Fat Weight
• 1) Determine total body weight (TBW)
• 2) Determine percent fat
• 3) Fat weight = TBW * percent fat
• 4) Lean Weight (LW) = TBW - FW
Calculation of Target Weight
• Calculation of Target Weight
1) Determine your lean weight (TBW - FW)
2) Determine your target percent fat (TPF)
3) Target weight = LW / (1 - TPF/100)
• This method assumes:
1) Your target percent fat is less than
your current percent fat
2) Your goal is to lose fat weight
Muscular Strength and Endurance
• Specificity
Determined with concurrent validity (i.e., PPM)
• Power
The time rate of doing work
• Muscular endurance
Repetitive performance
• Relative endurance
Relative to maximum performance
• Absolute endurance
At a fixed resistance
Types of Contractions Measured
Concentric
Muscle generate force as it shortens
Eccentric
Muscle generates force as it lengthens
Isometric
Muscle generates force but remains static in length and
causes no movement
Isotonic
Muscle generates enough force to move a constant load at
a variable speed through full ROM
Isokinetic
Muscle generates force at a constant speed through full
ROM
Measuring Muscular Strength and Endurance
• Muscular Strength and Endurance
• Laboratory
Computerized Dynamometers
Back Extension Strength Test
• Field methods
Traditional Weight Lifting Tests
Body Resistance (i.e., pull-ups, sit-ups, etc.)
1 Repetition Max
10 Repetition Max
Trial-and-error estimation
Cable Tensiometer
Measuring Flexibility
• Flexibility is very joint specific
• Laboratory
Goniometry
Flexometer
Visual estimation
Radiography
Photography
Linear measurements
Trigonometry
• Field methods
Trunk Flexion (Sit-and-reach)
Trunk Extension
Goniometer
Flexometer
Health Related Fitness Battery
• YMCA Physical Fitness Test Battery
Height
Weight
Resting heart rate
Resting blood pressure
Body composition
Cardiovascular evaluation
Flexibility
Muscular strength and endurance
Health Related Fitness Battery
• Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness
Resting heart rate
Resting blood pressure
Body composition (skinfolds)
Cardiovascular endurance
Flexibility (sit-and-reach)
Abdominal endurance
Upper-body strength and endurance
Aging is related to . . .
• decreased sensations of taste, smell, vision, and
hearing,
• decreased mental abilities,
• decreased organ function,
• decreased bone mineral content, and
• decreased physical fitness.
All of these factors lead to a decreased quality of life,
health-related fitness, and functional fitness.
Table 11-24
Fitness Parameters and Items of the Older Adult Fitness Test
Physical fitness parameter
Test item
Lower-body strength
30 s chair stand
Upper-body strength
Arm curl
Lower-body flexibility
Chair sit-and-reach
Upper body flexibility
Back scratch
Cardiovascular endurance
6 min walk or 2-min stepin-place test
Motor fitness
Composite measure of power, speed, agility, and balance
8 ft up-and-go
Body composition
Body mass index (BMI)
Health Related Fitness Battery for
Special Populations
Anaerobic capacity and power
Aerobic capacity
Electrocardiographic response to exercise
Muscular strength, endurance, and flexibility
Body composition
Measuring Physical Activity
• Is important because physical activity is related to
physical fitness
• Physical activity is related to quality of life and
functional capacity
• Physical inactivity is related to development of a
variety of diseases
Figure 11.19
The relationship of health-related fitness to the
physical activity pyramid
Measuring Physical Activity
• Direct measurement include:
Observation
Calorimetry
Step counters
Motion sensors
• Field methods include:
Self-report
Diaries
Caltrac® Accelerometer
A five-level single-response
assessment of physical activity
Precontemplation
I don’t exercise/walk regularly and I do not plan to start in the near
future
Contemplation
I don’t exercise/walk regularly but I have been thinking of starting
Preparation
I am doing moderate physical activity fewer than 5 times a week, or
vigorous ones fewer than 3 times per week
Action
I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week,
or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for the last 1 to 6 months
Maintenance
I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week,
or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for 7 months or longer
A five-level single-response
assessment of physical activity
Precontemplation
I don’t exercise/walk regularly and I do not plan to start in the near
future
Contemplation
I don’t exercise/walk regularly but I have been thinking of starting
Preparation
I am doing moderate physical activity fewer than 5 times a week, or
vigorous ones fewer than 3 times per week
These 3 groups do NOT meet the
Surgeon General’s guidelines for sufficient
physical activity for a health benefit
A five-level single-response
assessment of physical activity
Precontemplation
I don’t exercise/walk regularly and I do not plan to start in the
near future
These 2 groups DO meet the
Contemplation
I don’t exercise/walk regularly but I have been thinking of starting
Surgeon General’s guidelines for sufficient
activity
a health
benefit
Sub-Action physical
I am doing
moderatefor
physical
activity fewer
than 5 times a week,
or vigorous ones fewer than 3 times per week
Action
I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week,
or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for the last 1 to 6 months
Maintenance
I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week,
or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for 7 months or longer
CRT Reliability
How could you determine the
criterion-referenced reliability of the
5-level single response item?
1)
2)
3)
Administer the question on TWO occasions.
Determine if the respondent meets or fails to
meet the Surgeon General’s guidelines on each
occasion.
Develop a 2X2 table as illustrated in chapter 7.
A five-level single-response
assessment of physical activity
Precontemplation
I don’t exercise/walk regularly and I do not plan to start in the near
future
Contemplation
I don’t exercise/walk regularly but I have been thinking of starting
Preparation
I am doing moderate physical activity fewer than 5 times a week, or
vigorous ones fewer than 3 times per week
Action
I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week,
or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for the last 1 to 6 months
Maintenance
I have been doing moderate physical activities 5 or more times a week,
or vigorous ones at least 3 times a week, for 7 months or longer
Does NOT meet
SG guidelines
DOES meet SG guidelines
CRT Reliability
5-level, single-response Physical Activity Item
Administration 1
Administration 2
Not
Met
Not
Met
Met
Met
ACSM Fitness Certifications
Health/Fitness Instructor
Exercise Specialist
Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist
A Practical Health-Related Fitness Battery
• Cardiovascular endurance
Rockport 1-Mile Walk Test
• Body composition
BMI and Waist/Hip girth ratio
• Abdominal power
YMCA 1-minute sit-up test
• Upper body strength and endurance
Canadian Standardized test of fitness pushup test
• Hamstring flexibility
YMCA sit-and-reach test