PowerPoint Presentations for Principles of Microeconomics Sixth Canadian Edition by Mankiw/Kneebone/McKenzie Adapted for the Sixth Canadian Edition by Marc Prud’homme University of Ottawa SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES Chapter 6 Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-2 SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES This chapter analyzes various types of government policy using only the tools of supply and demand. We begin by considering policies that directly control prices. Then we consider the impact of taxes. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-3 CONTROLS ON PRICES Let us consider the effects of the following policies on market outcomes. Price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold Price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-4 How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes Let’s assume that the government imposes a price ceiling on the market for ice cream. Two outcomes are possible: 1. The price ceiling is not binding on the market and the market price will equal the equilibrium price. 2. The price ceiling is a binding constraint on the market and the market price will equal the price ceiling. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-5 FIGURE 6.1: A Market with a Price Ceiling Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-6 Case Study Lines at the Gas Pump Figure 6.2: The Market for Gasoline with a Price Ceiling Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-7 Case Study Rent Control in the Short Run and the Long Run Figure 6.3: Rent Control in the Short Run and in the Long Run Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-8 How Price Floors Affect Market Outcomes Let’s assume that the government imposes a price floor on the market for ice cream. Two outcomes are possible: 1. The price floor is not binding on the market and the market price will equal the equilibrium price. 2. The price floor is a binding constraint on the market and the market price will equal the price floor. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-9 FIGURE 6.4: A Market with a Price Floor Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-10 Case Study The Minimum Wage Figure 6.5: How the Minimum Wage Affects the Labour Market Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-11 Evaluating Price Controls One of the ten principles of economics discussed in Chapter 1 is that markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. Prices have the crucial job of balancing supply and demand and thereby coordinating economic activity. When policymakers set prices by legal decree, they obscure the signals that normally guide the allocation of society’s resources. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-12 Evaluating Price Controls Another of the ten principles of economics is that governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. Christopher Elwell / Shutterstock Price controls are often aimed at helping the poor. • Rent‐control laws try to make housing affordable for everyone. • Minimum‐wage laws try to help people escape poverty. Yet price controls often hurt those they are trying to help. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-13 Active Learning Price Controls 140 Determine effects of: The market for hotel rooms 130 120 P 110 A. $90 price ceiling S 100 B. $90 price floor 90 D 80 C. $120 price floor 70 60 50 40 0 50 60 70 80 Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 90 100 110 120 130 Q 6-14 Active Learning A. $90 Price Ceiling The price falls to $90. Buyers demand 120 rooms, sellers supply 90, leaving a shortage. P 140 The market for hotel rooms 130 S 120 110 100 90 Price ceiling 80 70 shortage = 30D 60 50 40 050 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Q Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-15 Active Learning B. $90 Price Floor Eq’m price is above the floor, so floor is not binding. P 140 P = $100, Q = 100 rooms. 100 130 The market for hotel rooms S 120 110 90 80 D 70 60 50 40 050 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Q Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-16 Active Learning C. $120 Price Floor The price rises to $120. Buyers demand 60 rooms, sellers supply 120, causing a surplus. P140 The market for hotel rooms 130 S 120 110 100 90 D 80 70 60 50 40 0 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. Q 6-17 QuickQuiz Define price ceiling and price floor, and give an example of each. Which leads to a shortage? Which leads to a surplus? Why? Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-18 TAXES When the government levies a tax on a good, who bears the burden of the tax? The people buying the good? The people selling the good? Or, if buyers and sellers share the tax burden, what determines how the burden is divided? Tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-19 How Taxes on Buyers Affect Market Outcomes Suppose, for instance, that our local government passes a law requiring buyers of ice‐cream cones to send $0.50 to the government for each ice‐cream cone they buy. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-20 How Taxes on Buyers Affect Market Outcomes How does this law affect the buyers and sellers of ice cream? To answer this question, we can follow the three steps in Chapter 4 for analyzing supply and demand: 1. Does the law affect the supply curve or demand curve. 2. Which way the curve shifts. 3. Examine how the shift affects the equilibrium. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-21 FIGURE 6.6: A Tax on Buyers Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-22 How Taxes on Sellers Affect Market Outcomes style-photography.de / Shutterstock Suppose the local government passes a law requiring sellers of ice‐cream cones to send $0.50 to the government for each cone they sell. What are the effects of this law? Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-23 FIGURE 6.7: A Tax on Sellers Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-24 How Taxes on Sellers Affect Market Outcomes IMPLICATIONS: If you compare Figures 6.6 and 6.7, you will notice a surprising conclusion: Taxes on buyers and taxes on sellers are equivalent. In both cases, the tax places a wedge between the price that buyers pay and the price that sellers receive. The only difference between taxes on buyers and taxes on sellers is who sends the money to the government. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-25 Elasticity and Tax Incidence When a good is taxed, buyers and sellers of the good share the burden of the tax. But how exactly is the tax burden divided? Only rarely will it be shared equally. To see how the burden is divided, consider the impact of taxation in the two markets: 1. A market with very elastic supply and relatively inelastic demand 2. A market with very relatively inelastic supply and a very elastic demand Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-26 FIGURE 6.9: How the Burden of a Tax Is Divided Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-27 FIGURE 6.9 (continued) Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-28 QuickQuiz In a supply-and-demand diagram, show how a tax on car buyers of $1000 per car affects the quantity of cars sold and the price of cars. In another diagram, show how a tax on car sellers of $1000 per car affects the quantity of cars sold and the price of cars. In both of your diagrams, show the change in the price paid by car buyers and the change in price received by car sellers. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-29 Classroom Activity Ducks in a Row 1. I need three volunteers. 2. One volunteer will play the role of the government. 3. The second volunteer is an urban shopkeeper. 4. The third volunteer is a consumer. Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-30 THE END Chapter 6 Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd. 6-31