Chapter 1
You Are On Your Own For This One.
What is Chemistry?
 A) The next thing you have to take to get an
advanced diploma.
 B) A means of torturing children that should
probably be outlawed.
 C) A science that allows you to explain why things
behave the way they do, and predict how they will
behave in new situations you haven’t studied yet
Is it relevant to my life?
How should I know? But since
Chemistry is all around you, I’m
going to guess YES.
And, you signed up for it, so
study it and learn it just for the
sake of learning it.
Chemistry is fun, and it’s called
“the central science,” because an
understanding of chemistry is
vital to learning other sciences.
The Chemistry SOL
No, that isn’t a graph of the JMHS
Chemistry SOL scores over the
years! But it is an actual graph
from a previous test question.
Actually, a total of 98% passed the
Chemistry SOL test with 400 or
better. (THAT is an all-time JM
record!!)
About 1/3 of all Advanced
students scored 500 or better.
The SOL is YOUR FINAL!
 Yes, it’s the final EXAM for this course.
 It’s probably also the easiest Chemistry test you will
take this year.
 By the time we get there, the SOL should be a piece
of cake. You WILL know that much Chemistry, and
much more!
 We’ll take a few SOL practice tests, and practice
tests and questions may be found all over the
internet.
What do you ALREADY
know about CHEMISTRY?
http://culinaryarts.about.com/od/glossary/g/maillard.htm
Probably much more than you think.
Rachael Ray getting
ready to cook something
delicious. Maybe a
Maillard reaction?
Cooking and chemistry have lots in
common, for example. Cooking dinner
is like doing a lab procedure. And as
you know with dinner, labs don’t
always work out the way you thought
they would.
There is even a special name for the
reaction that causes meats to brown,
when the proteins and the fats in the
meat start to break down.
STUDY HARD!!
15-30 minutes every night!
If you do, you won’t end up looking like
this poor kitty the night before the test.
Who am I kidding? I mean the period
before my class (you know, when you
usually do your studying)…
You can listen to my advice or ignore it, but
if you just study a little every night, your
life will be easier and your grade will be
better!
Are you KIDDING me,
Mr. Schwartz??
 No one studies every day. (He did just say study
every night, right?)
 That’s not necessarily true. (And, that’s after all
your reading and homework is done.)
 Notice I didn’t say cram right before the test.
(That doesn’t work, and I can prove it to you.)
 Study. Study some more. However much work
you put into this is what you will get out of it.
If you miss a day, fine. But get back to it the
next day.
What’s in it for YOU?
Well, statistics show that if you review
something LATER THAT SAME DAY, you
have an 80% better chance of remembering it.
Start Time
End Time
That’s pretty good odds. Sounds like a good
investment of your time. So give me 15
minutes, ok?
You will get out of this what you put into it.
Chemistry isn’t the hardest course in the
world, but if you don’t study, it will seem like
your worst nightmare, EVER!
Textbook
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 The textbook should be read. But you
can’t read a Chemistry book like you
read a novel for English, or even like
you read your history textbook.
 You have to read it over and over, if
you need to, for understanding.
Sometimes, you might have to read the
same paragraph 3 or 4 times to get it.
 I’m sorry it’s like that, but if you know
it, you will be better prepared. If you
still don’t understand, ASK ME!
Textbook
 Look at and DO the practice problems. Not
only will they help you understand the
problems for homework, but you will do better
on your tests.
 It’s up to you. It’s your grade. I just add up the
points, and whatever you get, you get.
 I don’t give a lot of extra credit. Don’t ask.
Don’t beg. Just do your work, and you won’t
need any extra credit assignments.
Study Guides
 Read the study guides thoroughly. They are
essentially “MY NOTES” on the chapters.
 I wrote them. I think they are good. But a lot of
kids from last year thought so too.
 If you are one of those students who NEVER
reads textbooks, you will not do well in here.
At least read the study guides, although reading
both would be better.
My Website
 I have a website for the class. Use it frequently!!
 It’s called
CHEM
IS
TRY.
 Find it at http://blogit.cityschools.com/sschwartz
 Let’s take a quick look!
Remember…
What you actually learned is…
What you have left after you forgot
all the other stuff I told you.
Learning requires real effort on your
part. Teaching just requires you to
sit there and act like you are paying
attention.
I am here to help you learn!
Chapter 1
You will read and study
Chapter 1 on your own.
Luckily, it’s pretty short and
pretty easy.
You should do the reading in
the Chapter, AND answer any
homework questions I have
assigned. (GOOD NEWS: None
for Chapter 1)
What in the world ISN’T
Chemistry?
 Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter (the
stuff things are made of) and the changes matter
undergoes (during chemical reactions).
 Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (ie,
has volume).
Pure Chemistry
http://www.fotosearch.com/CRT207/008348il/
 Pure chemistry is chemistry done just
for the sake of doing chemistry.
New discoveries
Expanding knowledge
Creating new compounds
Most scientists work at universities,
like UVA
 May not have any practical benefit at
all




Applied Chemistry
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 Applied chemistry is done for a
specific purpose, and usually to
make money.




Formulating a new cancer drug
Creating a new “energy drink”
Scientists work for a company
Must have practical benefits and
potentially be worth a lot of money
Profitable Mistakes
(http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Teflon/TeflonHistoryDuPont.htm)
 Teflon was a mistake. Note: you do not
have to get all this into your notes…just
listen and learn.
 The story of Teflon® began April 6, 1938,
at DuPont's Jackson Laboratory in New
Jersey.
 By 1945, Teflon had been born.
 Teflon is PTFE (polytetrafluroroethylene).
It was created quite by accident.
Profitable Mistakes
 Teflon is inert to virtually all chemicals and is considered
the most slippery material in existence.
 These properties have made it one of the most valuable
and versatile products ever invented, contributing to
significant advancements in areas such as aerospace,
communications, electronics, industrial processes and
architecture.
 Teflon is a familiar household name, recognized for nonstick properties associated with its use as a coating on
cookware and as a soil and stain repellant for fabrics and
textile products.
Profitable Mistakes
 The Teflon® trademark was registered in 1945;
the first products were sold commercially under
the trademark beginning in 1946.
 Applications and product innovations
snowballed quickly.
 The invention of Teflon has been described as
"an example of serendipity, a flash of genius, a
lucky accident ... even a mixture of all three."
Profitable Mistakes
 Whatever the exact circumstances of the discovery, one
thing is certain: Teflon revolutionized the plastics industry
and, in turn, gave birth to limitless applications of benefit
to mankind.
 It also made DuPont a fortune probably in the billions of
dollars.
 The scientist who invented it, Dr. Roy Plunkett, was
inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame in 1973 and the
Inventors Hall of Fame in 1985, joining inventors such as
Thomas Edison, Louis Pasteur and the Wright Brothers.
OK, Start Taking Notes Again
http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=csi+miami+pictures&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
 There are 5 main branches of
Chemisty
 Organic
 Inorganic
 Biochemistry
 Analytical    
 Physical
Branches of Chemistry
Process vs Product
http://www.fotosearch.com/BLD037/bld066604/
 In this course, process is more
important than product for lab
work. Of course, I want you to do
good chemistry. But I want you to
learn Chemistry, and you’ll learn
as much from mistakes in the lab
as you do from successes.
Chemistry Teacher
helping a student with
a lab procedure.
 If you doubt that, ask Dr. Plunkett.
He wasn’t trying to invent Teflon.
He did that totally by accident,
and it totally and forever changed
the course of his life and his
career.
Scientific Method
 What are the steps?
 Observation, hypothesis, experiment
What is this
scientist doing?
 Observation help us form questions
or problems to investigate. You may
have to do some “research” in the
library during this step.
What is a hypothesis?
 In elementary or middle school, you
probably learned that it is “an educated
guess.”
 That’s a perfectly acceptable definition for
that level of education. However, we’re in
high school now and we can do better.
 In order to be a useful hypothesis, a
hypothesis needs to be more than just a
guess, no matter how “educated.”
What’s the dictionary
definition of hypothesis?
 The American Heritage Science Dictionary
hypothesis
A statement that explains or
makes generalizations about a
set of facts or principles, usually
forming a basis for possible
experiments to confirm its
viability.
Must Be Testable; Not Just
an “Educated Guess.”
 If a hypothesis isn’t testable, you can’t design an
experiment to test it.
 The scientific method falls apart.
 Hypotheses must be capable of being true or false.
So, let’s come up with a little better definition than
“educated guess.”
Definition of Hypothesis
 A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or
reason for what you observed, which must be
testable by experiment to determine if it is
correct or not.
 Try not to think of an incorrect hypothesis as a
“failure.” It doesn’t mean your experiment
failed. It just means it did something different
than what you thought it was going to do.
Experiments
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 Experiments test
the hypothesis
 Experiments (and
your results)
must be
reproducible.
Teacher testing pH of various household
substances. What does pH tell you?
Anyone know?
 No matter who
does them.
 No matter how
many times.
Experiments
 Experiments test an independent variable against a
dependent variable.
 You should have only one of each
 All other variables should be controlled.
 There must be a relationship between the
independent and dependent variable. Otherwise,
your experiment isn’t well designed.
Experiments
 The independent variable is the variable that
you change during the experiment.
 The dependent variables changes on its own,
based on the changes you made to the
independent variable.
 You must keep other variables constant, so you
are sure that the dependent variable is changing
as a result of the independent variable, and not
because of some other reason.
Analysis of Data &
Conclusions
 Aren’t these steps in the scientific method?
 Yes, they are. They are really part of the
experiment section, in my opinion. You just
don’t DO an experiment. You must analyze the
data and draw conclusions. Otherwise, your
work is only half done.
 If you don’t analyze the data and draw
conclusions, how do you know what the
experiment is telling you?
Scientific Theory
http://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/img1.gif
 A theory is a broad and
extensively tested
explanation of why
experiments give certain
results.
 Theories can never be fully
proven. You can always
devise an experiment that
disproves the theory.
 Still, theories are useful,
because they allow you to
predict the behavior of
natural systems.
Theory vs Hypothesis
 In normal speech, these are almost synonyms.
 In Chemistry, they are very different.
 A hypothesis is used to design an experiment.
 A theory is an extensively tested explanation of
why experiments work the way they do.
Theory vs Hypothesis
 Scientists don’t “start” with theories.
 They start with a hypothesis.
 The theory is developed as the experiments
are analyzed, and more experiments are
done.
Scientific Laws
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 A scientific law describes a natural phenomenon without
attempting to explain it.
 Law of Gravity
 Law of Conservation of Mass
 Boyle’s Law
The End
What’s Next…
Chapter 2…along with some other stuff from
Chapter 10 on solids, liquids and gases
Chapter 18 on Solutions