Unit 3
Political Change
1919 to 2000
Unit Themes
■Great Depression
■WWII
■Civil Rights
Key Question
■How effectively did the federal
government from 1933 to 2000 respond
to the challenges it faced?
Specified Content
■ The New Deal 1933-39
■ Cash and Carry and Lend-Lease policies 1939-41
■ Government in wartime 1941-45
■ The policy of containment: the Truman Doctrine 1947 & the Marshall
Plan 1948
■ Brown v. Board of Ed 1954
■ The end of Jim Crow laws 1955-65, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting
Rights Act of 1965
■ Vietnam 1954-73: reasons for involvement, military events, & their
consequences
■ Cuban Missile Crisis
■ Proliferation and arms control,
■ Equal Rights Amendment 1972
Politics and Prosperity
Warren G. Harding was elected as the new President in
1921. World War I helped the economy. Factories
expanded rapidly to meet the need for military supplies.
When the war was over more than 2 million soldiers came
home looking for jobs. At the same time factories slowed
production. The result was a sharp recession, or economic
slump.
Warren G.
Harding
Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother depicts destitute
pea pickers in California, centering on Florence
Owens Thompson, a mother of seven children, age
32, in Nipomo, California, March 1936.
5
PRESIDENTS OF 1920S
■Calvin
Coolidge
◻Pro
Business
◻High Tariffs on Imports
◻Causes Americans to buy American
■Herbert
◻Low
Hoover
Taxes
◻Business profit up which
◻creates expansion
POST WORLD WAR I
■Automobile
◻Paved
Roads
◻Gasoline Stations
◻Repair Shops
◻Motels
ELECTRIC POWER AND
APPLIANCES
■Electricity
wired in most of American homes
by 1920
■Appliances
◻Refrigerators
◻Cooking
◻Toasters
Ranges
DEBT
■Installment
Plan
◻Buy
goods over an extended period, without having to
put down much money at the time of purchase.
◻Ex. – Rent A Center
■Credit
◻Times
good
◻People live beyond means
◻Buy now and pay later.
SPECULATION
■Buying
stocks and hoping for a quick profit
■Form of Gambling
BUYING ON THE MARGIN
■Pay
a small price for stock
■Borrow to pay for rest
of stock
■Large amount of stock
being bought
OVER-PRODUCTION
■Too
many goods, too little demand
■More products for sale then people wanting
to buy product.
■Company loses money.
■Business start to fail.
BLACK THURSDAY
■September
◻Stocks
peak and fall
◻People get scared start to sale
■October
24, 1929
◻Stocks
plunge
◻Investors panic and start to sale
BLACK TUESDAY
■October
29, 1929
◻Bottom
Fell Out
◻Stock tried to be sold
◻No Buyers
◻Borrows stuck with debt
GREAT DEPRESSION 1929-1940
■Economy
Rose
Plummeted and Unemployment
BANKS
■Invested
in Stock
■People pull money out of banks
■Banks unable to pay people because they
lost money on stocks
■Gov’t did not insure savings
■Banks went Bankrupt and people lost their
money
BANKS AND BUSINESS CLOSE
■Banks
– 600
◻1933 - 11,000
◻1929
■Business
◻90,000
Bankrupt
EFFECTS OF DEPRESSION
■Hoovervilles
◻Herbert
Hoover believed things would fix
themselves (did very little)
◻People lost houses
◻Towns constructed of shacks pop up.
MORE PROBLEMS
■Dust
Bowl
◻Drought
in Central U.S.
◻Plowing mixed soil up
◻Wind Storms blew top soil away.
◻Farmers unable to grow crops
ROOSEVELT ELECTED
■New
Deal
◻Relief
for the needy
◻Economic Recovery
◻Financial Reform
FIRST HUNDRED DAYS
■15
major policies passed
■Closed Banks to prevent further
withdrawals.
■Only sound banks could reopen
■Those who could not were given loans
ALPHABET AGENCIES
■Federal
Agencies that were created as part
of the New Deal
■Aim of these agencies was to give
Americans jobs and economic relief.
SECOND NEW DEAL
■Continued
to help farmers
■Educate youth to create more jobs
■Social Security
◻Insurance
for those over 65 in form of money
◻Unemployment Compensation
◻Aid for children and disabled.
LIMITATIONS OF NEW DEAL
■Women
◻Jobs
given to men
◻Lower minimum wage then men
■African
◻FDR
Americans
did not fully support Civil Rights
◻Agencies discriminated against African
Americans.
CRITICS OF NEW DEAL
■Many
felt Government was too large.
■Stopped free Enterprise
■Many felt U.S. was becoming socialist.
ELP Cold War Era
Background
■The French had a colony called Indochina
■During WWII, Japan took over Indochina
(and much of Eastern Asia)
■Japan lost WWII and therefore they lost
Indochina
■The French tried to retake Indochina
◻However, Communists were causing trouble
◻Truman gave military aid to the French
Geneva Conference
■Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam created out
of Indochina
■Vietnam was split by the 17th parallel
■Elections were going to be held to unite
Vietnam under one government
◻North Vietnam had a communist government
◻South Vietnam had a democracy
■When the US realized they were going to
lose the election, they cancelled them
Causes of the Vietnam War
1. U.S. Participation
a.
1955-1961
i.
"Domino Theory"
1.
b.
Kennedy
i.
ii.
c.
if a country falls to communism, so will the other
nations around it
increased # of military advisors
trained South Vietnamese troops
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
i.
ii.
North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warship
according to President Johnson
Congress gave him authority to use all necessary
measures to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam
Vietnam
1. Johnson escalates war by sending troops
in March 1965
2. An elusive enemy
jungle terrain and guerilla war tactics made it
difficult to know and find enemy
b. Vietcong’s underground tunnel system
c. booby traps and land mines
a.
3. War of attrition
a.
strategy used by Westmoreland to wear
down enemy by continual harassment
i.
the more Vietcong dead, the quicker they will be
to surrender
Vietnam cont...
1. Battle for “Hearts and Minds”
winning support from South Vietnam’s rural
population
b. made difficult with napalm
a.
i.
c.
Agent Orange
i.
d.
gasoline based bomb used to set fire to the
jungle to expose Vietcong tunnels and hideouts
leaf-killing toxic chemical
search-and-destroy missions
i.
uprooting civilians with suspected ties to
Vietcong, killing livestock, burning villages
2. Sinking Morale
Mass Media
■In the US, the Vietnam was not widely
supported, due partly to the fact that the
media showed the realities of the war to
the average American
1968
1. Tet Offensive
surprise attack by the North on South
Vietnam during Vietnamese New Year
celebrations
b. lasted a month
c. U.S. forces do regain control of the cities
d. shook American public
a.
i.
e.
had thought Vietcong were almost defeated
changed American’s views on the war from
mostly positive to very negative
End of the War
1. Richard Nixon’s plan Vietnamization
gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops so South
Vietnamese could take more control
b. “Peace with Honor”
a.
i.
maintain U.S. dignity as troops continued to be
pulled out
orders massive bombing campaign on North
Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
d. invasion of Cambodia
c.
i.
clear out communist supply centers
Negative effects of the War
a.
My Lai Massacre
200 innocent South Vietnamese villagers
shot
ii. When this became public knoweldge, it
caused an outrage in America
i.
b.
President Johnson did not run for reelection due to the unpopularity of the
war
Negative effects of the War
a.
Credibility Gap
a.
The US government told the people the war
was almost over, but the Tet offensive
showed that it was not. This caused the
people to distrust the government
Berlin Wall, 1961
1. Soviets under Khrushchev
demand U.S. troops to be pulled out of Berlin
which had been divided after WWII
b. Kennedy refused
c. East Germans build wall
a.
i.
purpose to stop East Germans from fleeing to
West Germany
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
1. U.S. planes discover Russian underground
sites in Cuba for launching missiles
a.
These missiles could reach U.S. in minutes
2. Kennedy sets up naval blockade of Cuba
until weapons are removed
3. Soviets sent ships to stop blockade
4. Khrushchev agree to remove missiles from
Cuba
a.
in exchange for Kennedy's pledge not to
invade Cuba
Proliferation and Arms Control
1. Proliferation- build up of nuclear weapons
2. Arms Control
a.
Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963
i.
important precedent for future arms control
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT),
1968
c. agreement signed by several of the major
nuclear and non-nuclear powers that
pledged cooperation in stopping the spread
of nuclear technology
b.
End of the Cold War
1. Under President Reagan, the US won the
Cold War
1. The USSR could not keep up with US
spening
2. The Berlin Wall, a symbol of the separation of
the East (USSR) and West (US) came down
in 1989
3. The USSR suffered several protests and riots
by its own peoples
4. Gorbachev was the right leader at the right
time and allowed the USSR to end peacefully
ELP Civil Rights
Movement
A history of segregation
■After the Civil War, African Americans
were freed from slaver, granted citizenship
and the right to vote. However, the
introduction of Jim Crow laws and Black
Codes limited the rights of Aftican
Americans for the next 100 years
Move toward equality
■Brown V Board of Education
◻In 1896, the Plessy v Ferguson court case
declared that segregation (separating people
based on race) was legal as long as both
races had access to equal accommodations,
such as school
◻In 1954, several families filed lawsuits
arguing that segregation is illegal and should
not be allowed. The decision delcared
segregation was illegal
Move toward equality
■1955- Emmett Till was an AfricanAmerican boy from the North who was
visiting family in Mississippi. Emmett flirted
with a white woman. As a result, White
Supremists killed Emmett.
■This incident opened the nation’s eyes to
the problems faced by minorities
Move toward equality
■1955 – Rosa Parks
◻Ms Parks was an activist in her community
who made the decision to stand up to racial
inequality by sitting down on a bus when it
was not allowed. Ms Parks set off the
Montgomery Bus Boycott during which
activists refused to use public transportation
until they had been integrated (allowed
everyone, regardless of race, to ride).
Freedom Summer
* 3 groups for the Mississippi Freedom
Party and more than 80,000 people join it
*They establish 30 Freedom Schools
throughout Mississippi in order to address
the racial inequalities in Mississippi’s
education system
*The schools and volunteers became the
target of white racists, and there were
bombings and assaults on minorities.
* 3 Civil Rights workers were later found
shot and buried in Mississippi by the KKK.
King
1. Minister chosen to lead Montgomery Bus
Boycott because he was new
2. inspired others with his energy and
enthusiasm and idea of nonviolence
3. established Southern Christian
Leadership Conference
a.
coordinate and assist local organizations to
work for equality of blacks
4. led the March on Washington and Selma
campaign
March on Washington
*August 28, 1963
*250,00 demonstrators assemble in Washington DC to support the passage
of Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill.
*Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his famous “I Have A Dream Speech” on
the steps of the Lincoln Memorial
* After the march, King and the other leaders met President Kennedy to
discuss civil rights legislation.
Malcolm X
1. most famous member of the Nation of
Islam
promoted separatism
felt violence was justified in self-defense and
to secure a separate black nation
c. views changed after visit to Mecca
a.
b.
i.
ii.
d.
left and form own organization called the
Organization of Afro-American Unity to promote
closer ties between Africans and AfricanAmericans
pushed to end racial discrimination
assassinated by Black Muslims in February
1965
Black Power
1. Riots erupt to protest discrimination, poverty,
and unemployment of African Americans
2. Black Power movement emerged
a.
b.
promote blacks taking responsibility for their own lives
exhibit pride in black heritage “Black is beautiful”
3. Black Panther Party
a.
b.
c.
d.
formed by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
advocated for full employment, good housing,
adequate education
prepared to use violence
died out by 1969 due to policy confrontations and
deaths of members
King’s Assassination
1. April 4, 1965
Memphis, Tennessee
was supporting a black workers strike for
equal treatment
c. assassinated by James Earl Ray
d. outburst of riot on this day across the country
a.
b.
Accomplishments
■Civil Rights Act of 1957
◻Established federal commission on Civil
Rights
◻Enlarged federal power to protect voting
rights
■Civil Rights Act of 1964
◻Banned discrimination in public places, in
federally assisted programs and in
employment
Accomplishments
■24th Amendment
◻Abolished the Poll Tax
■Voting Rights Act of 1965
◻Ended literacy tests to vote
■Civil Rights Act of 1968
◻Prohibited discrimination I the sale or rental
of most housing
◻Strengthened anti-lynching laws
◻Made it a crime to harm civil workers