Nov. 13 (next Monday) - review
Nov. 15 (next Wednesday) - Exam 3
Nov. 17 (next Friday) - no class

Rocket fuel chemical found in water, produce
December 1, 2004
WASHINGTON (AP) -- The government has found traces of a rocket fuel chemical in organic milk in Maryland, green leaf lettuce grown in Arizona and bottled spring water from Texas and California. Sufficient amounts of perchlorate can affect the thyroid, potentially causing delayed development and other problems. But
Environmental Protection Agency official Kevin Mayer called for calm, saying in an interview Tuesday: "Alarm is not warranted. That is clear." Asked whether that level of chemical in milk was worrisome, Mayer, the EPA's regional perchlorate coordinator for Arizona, California, Hawaii and
Nevada, said, "The answer is, we don't know yet."

BBC
10 September, 2004
UN warns of pesticide 'timebomb’
Stockpiles have built up as pesticide products have been banned.
The UN has warned that huge stockpiles of toxic chemical waste from obsolete pesticides are a "time bomb" for East
Europe and the developing world.
Its Food and
Agriculture Organization has urged assistance for the disposal of the chemicals, which it says are often stored at unmanaged sites. Such stockpiles threaten the health of rural communities, says the FAO.

Lecture Objectives:
 What do we do with our garbage?
 What are the problems with hazardous waste?
 What happened at Love Canal?

 Solid Waste – objects or particles that accumulate on the site where they are produced.
 Municipal Solid Waste
(Garbage) amounts to
230 million tons in U.S. annually (equivalent to 3 billion humans!!).

 Mid-1950s – emphasis on a disposable lifestyle
 Wave of the future
 Way to reduce household duties.
 Convenience was sold to prosperous post-war (WWII) consumers.
 Convenience quickly changed to necessity.
 TV dinners first marketed in 1953.

 U.S. volume of garbage has increased more than 50% since 1960 (although stabilized since 1990) .
 Countries with higher standard of living produce more waste.
 Traditional Methods
(dumping and burning) are no longer accepted.
 Urban areas running out of places to put garbage

 Landfills
 Incineration
 Source reduction
 Composting
 Recycling

 Most municipal solid waste in US is deposited in landfills
 Source of groundwater pollution
 Number of municipal landfills is declining.
 Some closed for violations, other because full
 New landfills costly and often resisted - NIMBY

 Prior to 1940, incineration was common in North
America and western
Europe.
 Many incinerators were eliminated because of foul odors and gritty smoke
 Currently, about 15% of U.S. municipal solid waste is incinerated.

 Refuse-Derived Fuel - Refuse is sorted to remove recyclable and unburnable materials.
 Higher energy content than raw trash.
 Mass Burn - Everything smaller than major furniture and appliances loaded into furnace.
 Creates air pollution problems.
 Reduces disposal volume by 80-90%.
 EPA has found alarmingly high toxin levels in incinerator ash.

 Reduce volume 90%, weight 75%
 Heat from burning converted to electricity
 Create air pollution
 Concentrates toxins in ash
 More costly than landfills, as long as space available

 Harnessing natural decomposition to transform organic material into compost
 About 3800 composting facilities currently in use in the United
States.
 Landscape Recycling Center
1210 E. University Ave., Urbana
344-LEAF (5323) www.city.urbana.il.us

 Most fundamental method of reducing waste is to prevent it from being produced (Waste
Prevention).
 Reduce and reuse – Individuals and Industry
 Saves natural resources.


Reduces waste toxicity
Reduces costs

 Recycling initiatives have grown rapidly in US
 By 2000, 9,000 U.S. cities had implemented curbside recycling programs.

Urbana’s curbside program began in 1986 http://www.ci.champaign.il.us/public_works/index.php
 Bottle Bills (10 states)
 Mandatory recycling laws
(15 states)



 Crushed glass reduces energy required to manufacture new glass by 50%.
 One Sunday edition of N.Y. times consumes 62,000 trees.
 Only 40% of North American paper is recycled.
 Over 60% of aluminum cans recycled.

 Benefits





Saves money, raw materials, and land.
Encourages individual responsibility.
Reduces pressure on disposal systems.
 Japan recycles about half of all household and commercial wastes.
Lowers demand for raw resources.
Reduces energy consumption and air pollution.

 Plastics are recyclable, but technology differs from plastic to plastic.
 Industry is researching new technologies.
 Economics are of concern.
 demand for products must keep pace with growing supply

 Buy durable items and repair them
 Buy recycled goods and recycle them
 Buy beverages in refillable containers
 Rechargeable batteries
 Reduce junk mail
 Lobby for trash separation and recycling
 Choose items with minimal packaging & reduce number of bags used
 Compost yard and food waste http://www.city.champaign.il.us/public_works/pwrhp.html
http://www.city.urbana.il.us/

http://www.ci.urbana.il.us/
“quick links”
“recycling”

 Hazardous Wastes – Dangerous byproducts of industrial, business, or household activities for which there is no immediate use.
 Numerous types and forms:
 Heavy metals




Organic wastes
Old Computers
Batteries
Liquids, solids, sludge
1) Ignitable?
2) Corrosive?
3) Explosive?
4) Toxic?

 U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) 1976:
 Cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Many chemical compounds have not been tested adequately for adverse affects!!

 Identification of Hazardous &Toxic Materials
 Setting Exposure Limits
 Nearly all substances are toxic in sufficient quantities.
 Species-Specific Thresholds.
 Acute vs. Chronic Toxicity
 Effects of massive doses (acute) and small doses over time (chronic) differ.
 Synergism
 Assessing effects of chemical mixtures.
 Most toxicity studies done on a single compound .

 Because most hazardous wastes are disposed on or in land, most serious effect is contaminated groundwater.


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100,000 industrial landfill sites
180,000 surface impoundments
Nearly 2% of North America’s underground aquifers could be contaminated.
Once polluted, prohibitively costly to restore water to original state; often not even physically possible

 Each year, roughly 1,000 new chemicals are produced and distributed.
 70,000 already in daily use.
 Main problem is often improper handling and disposal
 IEPA household hazardous waste collection
(217) 782-6761
 Mercury Thermostats/Thermometers, Antifreeze, Solvents, Metal
Polishes, Drain Cleaners, Cleaning Products, Paint Removers, Oil-Based
Paints (no water-based paints), Aerosol Paints, Paint Thinners,
Fluorescent Bulbs, Hobby Chemicals, Pool Chemicals, Fungicides,
Furniture Strippers, Used Oils, Insecticides, Herbicides, Pesticides, Weed
Killers, Lawn Chemicals, Old Gasoline, Used Motor Oil,
Household/Automotive Batteries, Propane Tanks (20 & 20 lb. cylinders), and Fire Extinguishers

 Prior to 1976, hazardous waste was essentially unregulated.
 Most common disposal solution was to bury or dump the wastes without concern for environmental or health risks.

 When sites became full or unnecessary, they were simply abandoned.
 In North America alone, currently over 25,000 sites containing hazardous waste.
 U.S. has highest number of dumps needing immediate attention.

 Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA).
 Modified in 1984 by Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act.
 Aimed at rapid containment, cleanup, or remediation of abandoned toxic waste sites.
 Toxic Release Inventory - Requires 20,000 manufacturing facilities to report annually on releases of more than 300 toxic materials.

Sites contaminated by hazardous waste and identified by the
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) as a candidate for cleanup because it poses a risk to human health and/or the environment.
1,300 Superfund sites across the country http://www.epa.gov/superfund/
In Illinois: 40 active, 5 proposed, 2 cleaned http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/il.htm

 Total costs for hazardous waste cleanup in the
US are estimated between $370 billion and $1.7 trillion.
 For years, most of the funding has gone to legal fees, but this situation has improved over past several years.
 Studies of Superfund sites reveal minorities tend to be over-represented in these neighborhoods.

http://www.epa.state.il.us/land/hazardous-waste/householdhaz-waste/index.html
Household Hazardous Waste Collections
The Illinois EPA coordinates one-day household hazardous waste collections each year in the spring and fall.

 1892 -- William T. Love proposed a canal for navigation and hydropower
 Only one mile of the canal built, used for swimming and recreation

 became a municipal and chemical disposal site.

Hooker Chemical Company dumped over
20,000 tons of chemicals until 1953.
Including: benzene -- causes leukemia dioxin – causes cancer

1953 - Hooker covered the site with dirt and clay and sold the land to the Niagara Falls Board of
Education for $1.00
1955 - the 99th Street elementary school opened and homes were built on the 16-acre rectangular site
1960s-1970s repeated complaints to city

1976 -- Calspan Corporation hired as consultant
April, 1978 – Report in newspaper about toxic chemicals
Aug. 2, 1978 - the NY State
Department of Health recommended temporary relocation of pregnant women and young children
Aug. 7, 1978, President Jimmy
Carter declared a federal emergency at Love Canal

1980s -- Human Heath issues documented
Of 17 pregnancies in 1979 – 2 normal, 9 birth defects, 2 stillborn, 4 miscarriages
Broken chromosomes
Neurological Problems
1980 – Superfund Site
1990s – resettlement of area begins

 EPA pollution prevention hierarchy:
1. Reduce amount of pollution at the source.
2. Recycle wastes whenever possible.
3. Treat wastes to reduce hazard and/or volume.
4. Dispose of wastes on land or incinerate them as last resort.

1)
Know the 5 methods of waste disposal. Which is the most common method in the US, and what are two problems with this method?
2)
What are some recycling initiatives in the US?
3)
What can you do to help reduce the amount of solid waste generated?
4)
What are the environmental problems and health risks caused by hazardous wastes? What is the main source of these problems?
5)
Know the general story of the Love Canal.