CH 1 INTRODUCTION
What is science?
SCIENCE = is the knowledge based
on observation and experimentation.
What are the 4 branches of science?
1. BIOLOGY = study of life.
2. CHEMISTRY = composition &
properties of matter
3. PHYSICS = forces & motion of
matter
4. EARTH SCIENCE = study of
earth and it’s surroundings
Four Branches of
Earth Science
1. GEOLOGY = study of solid
earth.
2. OCEANOGRAPHY = study of
oceans.
3. METEOROLOGY = study of the
atmosphere & weather
4. ASTRONOMY = study of the
universe.
4 Earth’s Spheres

1. Hydrosphere
 water

2. Atmosphere
 air

3. Geosphere
 solid

earth
4. Biosphere
 living
things
Interaction of the 4 Spheres
5 Steps of Scientific Method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identify problem
Make observations
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Accept, reject, or modify hypothesis.
Chemistry Introduction

Matter – anything w/ volume and mass
4
states of matter
Solid – definite shape and definite volume
atoms close together
 Liquid – no def. shape but definite volume
atoms further apart
 Gas – no definite shape or volume
atoms real far apart move easily
 Plasma—charged particles(lightning, etc.)

ELEMENTS

Elements = building blocks of minerals.

Can’t be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical/physical means
Periodic Table
Each element represented by 1-3 letters
 8 elements make up most of earth’s crust.
Know top 2! (page 35)
 Oxygen=47% Silicon=28%
 Metals – malleable, ductile, good
conductors of heat/electricity
left side of periodic table
 Non-metals – brittle and poor conductors
right side of the periodic table

Atom Parts

Protons – positively charged
1
amu = mass
 Found in nucleus

Neutrons – no charge (neutral)
1
amu = mass
 Found in nucleus

Electrons – negatively charged
 Very
little mass
 Outside of nucleus in energy levels
Atoms=smallest particle of matter that
contains all of the characteristics of the
element

Atoms are neutral (no charge)
 Equal
#’s protons + and electrons -
Atomic number – number of protons in
the nucleus
 Mass number - number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus
 Isotope – atom with same number of
protons but different number of neutrons

 Used
for dating rocks/fossils
12C and 14C
 EX:

Ion – atoms that gained or lost
electrons giving them a charge (+ or -)
Mixtures & Compounds

Mixture – combination of substances…
 Don’t
lose identities (of components)
 Easy to separate components
 Not in a set ratio


Solutions – special type of mixture
(Solute vs. Solvent) (Alloys=mixture)
Compounds – 2 or more elements
chemically combined
 Components
lose their identity
 Components can’t be separate out easily
 Components in a specific, set ratio
Atomic Bonds (James)

1.
Atoms without a full outer energy level
are likely to bond chemically. 3 types:
Ionic – formed when electrons are
transferred from a + ion to a – ion
- between metals and non-metals
2.
3.
Covalent – when electrons are shared
between the atoms of non-metals
Metallic – when electrons are shared by
metal ions.
Determining Location


Latitude – distance N or S of equator,
measured in degrees (are parallel)
 Lines run East and West
 Oº = equator
 90º = poles
Longitude – distance E or W of prime meridian,
measured in degrees (not parallel)
 Lines run North and South
 Oº = Prime Meridian
 180º = International Date Line
Topographic Maps

Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D.
 Contour lines - lines of equal elevation;
shows elevation on a flat map
 Contour interval – elevation difference
between adjacent lines
 Hachure marks – represent depressions
 Scale – a distance on the map = a
distance on the surface (ratio, bar, verbal)
 Legend/key – explains map symbols
 Benchmark -- triangle represents special
elevation

THE END !